Memorandum for the Petitioners {119 There is clear link between respondent Carbon Majors’ climate pollution and the impacts occurring globally and in the Philippines 8.137. There is a clear link between the concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere and the median surface global temperatures, as well as ocean acidification.°™ There is also clear link between respondent Carbon Majors’ climate pollution and global impacts, such as surface temperature and sealevel rise, which in turn is resulting loss and damage in the Philippines.** Scientists seek to establish a high-level of certainty, at least 90% certainty, a standard much higher than the “balance of probabilities” test used for civil matters in most jurisdictions (See Part V [C to C.1]) > the 8.138. As mentioned above, it is possible to identify and quantify contributions to global temperature change and sea-level rise to emissions generated by products produced and marketed by specific major investor-owned companies -- such as respondents herein — “providing a potential framework for the apportionment of responsibility for climate-related harm.”>* 8.139.Dr. Ekwurzel answered the Honorable Commission’s question on how to use scientific evidence to show the causality between the Carbon Majors’ climate pollution and climate impacts globally and in the Philippines. In her answer, Dr. Ekwurzel explained that the scientific study** she coauthored helps to establish a clear link between the respondents’ emissions, based on the Carbon Majors data, and the climate impacts through well- established climate models used by the IPCC. By running the model, this enabled them to see “how much cooler the surface temperature earth would have been in 2010, see how much lower the seas would have been” without the emissions from the specific companies. This process makes it possible to attribute to specific companies an amount of change in temperature and sea- level rise.” 8.140.As shown, the proportional increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, GMST and GSL rise -- key climate impacts — can be traced to the emissions of the major carbon producers. The contribution of the 54 Ibid.; See also The IPCC ARS notes that the cumulative total emissions of CO2 and global mean surface temperature response are approximately linearly related”, IPCC, WGII, AR 5 Chapter 30: The Ocean, supra note 309. 565 Id. 366 See Exhibit FFFFFF” to “FFFFFF-34, Marjanac, S. and Patton, L (2018), “Extreme Weather Event Attribution Science and Climate Change Litigation: An Essential Step in the Causal Chain?” Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, p. 273. 587 Exhibit “PPPPPPPP” to “PPPPPPPP-2,” supra note 132, at p.3. 58 Testimony of Dr. Brenda Ekwurzel, TSN 27-28 dated September 2018, p. 34, available at http://chr.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/20 19/04/NICC-TSN-September-27-to-28-NewY ork-UnitedStates.pdf (last accessed on 12 September 2019). 569 id.