Memorandum for the Petitioners |118 8.134.The UCS-led carbon producers study incorporated emissions data from the 90 identified by Mr. Heede into a simple, well-established climate model that captures how carbon dioxide Earth’s atmosphere lead to the extra trapping global surface temperature and sea level. Using quantified the results of including or excluding contributions to climate change— based on the and methane emitted into the of heat, driving increases in this model, the research team different natural and human very specific contributions of emissions tied to these companies’ products.°”’ 8.135.The UCS-led study analyzed the climate change impacts associated with each company’s carbon dioxide and methane emissions for two time-periods: 1880-2010 and 1980-2010. The latter time period was chosen as indicative of a key factor relevant to the societal assessment of company climate responsibility.°° 8.136.In her Statement**' dated 20 September 2018, Dr. Ekwurzel emphasized that their study demonstrates that the proportional increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, ,Global Mean Surface Temperature (GMST), and Global Sea Level (GSL) rise -- key indicators of human impact on the global environment -- from emissions traced to major carbon producers is quantifiable and substantial. The analyses presented in the study could be extended to examine the contribution of emissions traced to major carbon producers to other climate impacts,°™ such as historical increases in ocean acidification or the mortality impacts from extreme heat and other extreme events.*? RESPONDENT CARBON MAJORS’ ACTIONS OR INACTIONS ARE LINKED TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE OCCURRING AND/OR THREATENING TO OCCUR IN THE PHILIPPINES. 559 Id. p.3. 56° Jbid.; It is worth noting that despite the year 1980 chosen for the start of the second time period in the UCS-led study, there is documentary evidence that the fossil fuel industry had actual knowledge of the grave dangers posed to people by climate change arising from the use of their fossil fuel products as early as the 1950s and 1960s (see section Part V [D]). 5°! Exhibit “EEEEEEE” to “EEEEEEE-3,” supra note 135, p. 2. 58 Id p.2. °% Exhibit “R” to “R-8,” Profile and Statement of Peter Frumhoff, PhD, dated 16 March 2018, p. 6.