Memorandum for the Petitioners | 56 actively fought for continued fossil fuel use without directly putting their name on the efforts. 3. At the same time as the disinformation campaigns, the fossil fuel industry took great interest in climate research at universities and funded research efforts 5.91. Expert witness Mr. Kert Davies, Executive Director of Climate Investigations Center, explained that internal documents they uncovered reveal that the Mobil Foundation had provided large sums of money to Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty laboratory. 223 Further, API and International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) were “acting as focal points of petroleum industry effort.»224 r 5.92. The fossil fuel industry’s active involvement in science should have led respondents to seek ways to mitigate and prevent GHG emissions from its products. Instead, respondents continued with their dirty and dangerous business-as-usual stance. 4. r In the mid-1990s, as global climate regulations came into force, fossil fuel companies aggressively attacked global action 5.93. In the lead up to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol , Exxon aggressively attacked global action on climate change. In 1996, Lee Raymond , then CEO of Exxon, published “ Climate change: don’t ignore the facts f stating scientific evidence was “inconclusive” on whether humans were contributing to climate change and warning that “multinational effort is based on the unproven theory that they affect the climate.”225 5.94. It is worthy to note that respondents, such as Exxon, intentionally chose to communicate about uncertainties and avoided the inclusion of scientific facts. 223 Exhibit “TTTTTT” to “TTTTTT- 8 ,” Statement of Kert Davies, dated 17 September 2018, p. 3, citing Research, Engineering and Environmental Affairs, Mobil Foundation (July 1993 ), 1994 Budget Recommendations Mobil Foundation, Inc ., available at https://www.documentcloud .org/documents/2814098 - 1994-Mobil- Budget-Recommendations.html , ( last accessed 12 September 2019). 224 Id 225 Exxon Corporation ( 1996 ), Global Wanning: Who's Right? Facts about a debate that's turned up more questions than answers, available at www.climatefiles.com/exxonmobil /global -warming- who-is-right1996/( last accessed 12 September 2019). ,.