Memorandum for the Petitioners 1100 and brought back to one point five (1.5) metric tons per hectare. And you don’t need extensive calculation or thinking or embedding an algorithm to say that that definitely is a very important and decisive threat to food security. Flooding will increase crop losses. And considering that rice is a water-loving crop - in fact, Your Honors, in an era of climate change and water scarcity, irrigated rice needs something like ten thousand liters of water to generate one (1) kilo of mill rice. However , while we are breeding varieties of rice that can survive under flooded conditions for a prolonged period of time, we're not yet there, because the floods that we are experiencing are not only getting longer, they’re getting more violent in terms of water flows and water velocity .446 r r 8.83. Further, the IPCC has stated that “all aspects of food security are potentially affected by climate change, including food access, utilization, and price stability .« 447 According to the IPCC, changes in temperature and precipitation have negatively affected terrestrial crop production (wheat and maize),448 as well as fishery productivity, due to fish migrating to cooler and deeper waters in response to warming ocean temperatures. 449 Expert witnesses Drs. Laura David, Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone, and Porfirio Alino, all professors at the Marine Science Institute of the University of the Philippines-Diliman, discussed this at length in their presentation before the Honorable Commission.450 8.84. These impacts will become more widespread and severe in the coming years, but even in the near term the impacts on global food security could be devastating. For example, the IPCC projects that 10% of the impacts on food security under a 2°C warming scenario would yield losses of more than 25% in the period 2030-2049, with even greater losses expected after 2050. 451 For low-latitude countries like the Philippines, there is high confidence that crop production will be “ consistently and negatively affected by climate change in a 2°C warming scenario and fishery production will also decline .452 - Id. pp. 137 138. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) Working Group II, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Summary for Policymakers p. 20, 6-8. 446 447 448 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of the Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, 713 (Christopher Field et al. [2014]) ( hereinafter, “IPCC AR 5 WGII”), p. 491, cited in Joint Summary of the Amicus Curiae, supra note 50, p. 25. 449 Joint Summary of the Amicus Curiae, supra note 50, p. 25, citing IPCC AR5 WGII , p. 493 . 450 Exhibit “BB” to “BB-3,” Joint Statement of Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone, PhD Chemical Oceanography; Laura David\ PhD Physical Oceanography; and Porfirio Alino, PhD Marine Chemical Ecology :; see Testimonies of Drs. David, McGLone, and Alino, TSN 27-28 March 2018, pp. 129-156, available at http://chr.gov.ph/vvp-content/uploads/2019/04/NICC-TSN-March-27-to-28-2018-MetroManila-Philippines.pdf ( last accessed on 12 September 2019). 451 Joint Summary of the Amicus Curiae, supra note 50, p. 25, citing IPCC AR 5 WGII, p. 488, 503-504, 452 Ibid