Memorandum for the Petitioners | 81 to climate change.347 This was confirmed by expert witness Undersecretary Segfredo Serrano of the Department of Agriculture’s Policy and Planning, to wit: r a. 10% rice yield reduction for every 1°C increase in night temperatures; b. 1.7% reduction on com /maize yield for each day above 30°C under drought conditions; c. Substantial yield reductions in vegetables and fruits; d. A 3-5% reduction in feed intake for every 1°C above 30°C; e. Increased soil salinity resulting in drastically lower yields to pre-Green Revolution levels; f. Flood-driven crop losses even for water-intensive crops; g r - Water scarcity and drought effects on rainfed areas cultivated by the poorest rice farmers; h. Increased losses from pests, diseases and weeds; and I. Further crop losses due to lodging from high wind velocities.348 8. 25. In line with the global effects noted by IPCC science, the abovementioned impacts will pose great general food supply challenges, such as higher food prices, higher malnutrition, and food insecurity risks; higher production and marketing costs for farmers resulting in income and livelihood losses; and reduced catches and increased costs for fisherfolks. 349 The impacts of climate change on agriculture are further discussed below in section B.6 (The right to food ). F. Forests and Biodiversity 8. 26. As stated in the IPCCSRCCL, “[l]and is both a source and a sink of GHGs and plays a key role in the exchange of energy, water and aerosols between the land surface and atmosphere. Land ecosystems and biodiversity .. Bordey, F . H ., et at Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Crop Yields in the Philippines , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, available at http://www . fao . Org/3 /a- bt 560e.pdf ( last accessed on 12 September 2019 ). 348 Exhibit “UUU” to “ UUU- 8 ,” Primed PowerPoint Presentation of Usee. Segfredo R. Serrano (Climate Change <£ Philippine Agriculture ), slides 8-9 . 349 De Guzman ., R ., supra note 302, pg. 96-98 ; Also see: Exhibit “ UUU” to “UUU-8 ,” Printed PowerPoint presentation of Usee. Segfredo R. Serrano, entitled “ Climate Change & Philippine Agricultureslides 1416 . 347