They demand that the state should be restructured into a federal system that recognizes and ensures ethnic and caste equality, linguistic and cultural rights and historical territories of the indigenous peoples with rights to self-determination. Lack of Adequate Resources and Effective Mechanisms:  The UN and other international agencies that promote these conventions do not have special funds nor do they have any effective mechanism to supervise and monitor the implementation of these conventions. ILO can only provide technical support, but it does not have its own resources. ILO depends upon other donor agencies for financial resources. Dependency naturally limits efficiency and effectiveness. Lack of Political Will:  Generating and transforming political will  into action for the bureaucracy is another visible challenge for effective implementation of ILO Convention No. 169.  As the political will is not in place, the weak bureaucracy is reluctant to duly implement the international commitment the government has ratified. Lack of Mechanism:  No mechanism is in place that specifically deals with the implementation of ILO No. 169. The National Foundation for the Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN), a semi-governmental organization that deals with development affairs of indigenous peoples has not been given the mandate to look after the implementation of the Convention and Rights of IPs. Role of Mainstream Media:  More than 90% of the mainstream media is dominated by the socalled Hindu high caste groups which often put indigenous peoples’ issues in shadow and declare that “indigenous rights” are discriminatory and «No mechanism is in place that specifically deals with the implementation of ILO No. 169. disintegrative for “the national unity.” Non-Support from the mainstream ‘Civil Society’:  In theory, civil society is supposed to be pro-human rights, but in Nepal, civil society is controlled by the ruling social groups who also actively denounce indigenous rights in many ways. Several NGOs and advocacy groups have also emerged in recent years. The Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN), an umbrella organization of organizations representing the 59 indigenous nationalities, works towards the upliftment and empowerment of indigenous communities. Similarly, different multilateral and bilateral organizations, INGOs, and NGOs are working in indigenous peoples’ territories in the areas of conservation, sustainable development and sustainable livelihoods of people without respecting indigenous issues. There are no existing activities to address indigenous issues such as the Terai Arc Land (TAL) program of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Nepal, and the biodiversity translocation program of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). Also, researchers and development workers are collecting indigenous information related with natural resources, biodiversity, traditional knowledge, skills, technologies, traditional life style, archaeological research without any legal frame (i.e., free prior and informed consent, Lok Niti 79