Climatic Change (2015) 132:157–171 DOI 10.1007/s10584-015-1472-5 E S S AY The climate responsibilities of industrial carbon producers Peter C. Frumhoff 1 & Richard Heede 2 & Naomi Oreskes 2,3 Received: 25 December 2014 / Accepted: 8 July 2015 / Published online: 23 July 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Responsibility for climate change lies at the heart of societal debate over actions to address it. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established the principle of Bcommon but differentiated responsibilities^ among nations, suggesting that industrialized nations that had produced the greatest share of historic emissions bore particular responsibility for preventing dangerous interference with the climate system. But climate responsibilities can be attributed in other ways as well. Here, we explore the conceptual territory of responsibility. We consider the distinctive responsibilities of the major investor-owned producers of fossil fuels, assessing the actions these companies took and could have taken to act upon the scientific evidence of climate change. We conclude that major investor-owned fossil energy companies carry significant responsibility for climate change. It is still possible for these companies to effectively contribute to a solution. Significant progress in reducing emissions and limiting climate change could be achieved if companies 1) unequivocally communicate to the public, shareholders, and policymakers the climate risks resulting from continued use of their products, and therefore the need for restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions consistent with the 2 °C global temperature target; 2) firmly reject contrary claims by industry trade associations and lobbying groups; and, 3) accelerate their transition to the production of low-carbon energy. Evidence from history strongly suggests that a heightened societal focus on their climate responsibilities will be needed to hasten such a transition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1472-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Peter C. Frumhoff pfrumhoff@ucsusa.org 1 Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA 02138-3780, USA 2 Climate Accountability Institute, Snowmass, CO 81654, USA 3 Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

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