04/02/2020 E-Library - Information At Your Fingertips: Printer Friendly [205] Jus utendi, jus fruendi. [206] Jus abutendi. [207] Jus disponendi. [208] Jus vindicandi. Please see Tolentino, Civil Code, vol. II, pp. 45-46 [1992]; see also Tolentino, vol. I, pp. 12-14. [209] Sec. 55, IPRA provides: "Sec. 55. Communal rights.-- Subject to Section 56 hereof, areas within the ancestral domains, whether delineated or not, shall be presumed to be communally held: provided, That communal rights under this Act shall not be construed as coownership as provided in Republic Act No. 386, otherwise known as the New Civil Code." [210] Ibid. [211] Article 494, Civil Code. [212] Antonio M. La Vina, Arguments for Communal Title, Part II, 2 Phil. Nat. Res. L. J. 23 [Dec. 1989]. [213] Section 11, Corporation Code. [214] Sections 60-72, Corporation Code. [215] Section 117, Corporation Code. Please see also La Vina, Arguments for Communal Title, Part II, supra, at 23. [216] Section 5, par. 2, Article XII, 1987 Constitution. [217] Customary law is recognized by the Local Government Code of 1991 in solving disputes among members of the indigenous communities, viz: "Sec. 412 (c) Conciliation among members of indigenous cultural communities.-- The customs and traditions of indigenous cultural communities shall be applied in settling disputes between members of the cultural communities." [218] Law writes custom into contract-Hongkong & Shanghai Bank v. Peters, 16 Phil. 284 [1910]. The Civil Code provides: "Art. 11. Customs which are contrary to law, public order or public policy shall not be countenanced." elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocsfriendly/1/36882 68/148