Memorandum for the Petitioners | 99 and ecosystems) are included, and a 6.7% loss if catastrophic risks are considered.”*39 6. The right to food*” 8.82. The right to food is enshrined in both the UDHR, as part of the right to an adequate standard of living, and the ICESCR.“! Climate change is progressively threatening food security, as recognized by the OHCHR. “2 This has also Mudjekeewis been testified to by petitioners’ expert witnesses Dr. D. Santos,‘ Dr. Vincent Hilomen, 4 and Undersecretary Serrano,“*° among others. In particular, Undersecretary Serrano described some of the impacts on food security in more categorical terms: So what are the impacts on agricultural productivity? Let me start with your favorite crop, which is rice. For every one (1) degree Centigrade increase in night temperatures, you're going to experience from the biophysical of the rice plant, something like 10% yield reduction. . . . Now, sea level rise which is a slow onset event Your Honors, it doesn't happen overnight. . . Now sea level rise will increase the salinity in our agricultural lands. And it will not just be those lands that will be in direct contact with the sea water because, as we know, the soil is particularly an effective conductor of water as well through capillary action. So salinity in rice, Your Honors, will bring us back to the pre-green revolution levels, meaning to say, if the average yield now for rice is more than four (4) metric tons, we're going to go back to something like one point five (1.5) metric tons per hectare. And most of our productive rice lands are very near sea level, and these are relatively flat areas which enjoy irrigation, etc. Many of them can actually yield seven (7) to nine (9) metric tons per hectare. With increase in salinity, Your Honors, all of that is going to be obliterated “3° Philippines National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (2014), Final Report on Effects of Typhoon “Yolanda” (Haiyan), cited Joint Summary of the Amicus Curiae, supra note 50, p. 27. “° Often referred to as the right to adequate food, the right to food is part of the right to an adequate standard of living under Article 11 of the IESCR. It is also part of many optional protocols to internationa l and regional treaties, as well as in Article 24 of the International Convention on the Right of the Child (one of the most widely ratified treaty globally). “) UDHR, Art. 25, ICESCR, Art. 11. “ Lofts, K., supra note 375, p. 6, citing: OHCHR (10 January 2008), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler, UN Doc A/HRC/7/5, para. 51; OHCHR (30 January 2008), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food: Mission to Bolivia, UN Doc A/HRC/7/5/Add.2, paras. 11 and 15; A/ARC/3 1/52, p. 26. “3 Exhibit “FFFF,” Abstract/Statement of Mudjekeewis D. Santos, PhD (Impacts of Climate Change to Philippine Fisheries); see Testimony of Dr. Mudjekeewis Santos, TSN dated 23-24 May 2018, pp. 103130, also available at http://chr.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/20 19/04/NICC-TSN-May-23-to-24-2018Metro-Manila-Philippines.pdf (last accessed on 12 September 2019). ‘4 Testimony of Dr. Vincent Hilomen., TSN dated 23-24 May 2018, pp. 178-188, also available at http://chr.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/201 9/04/NICC-TSN-May-23-to-24-2018-Metro-ManilaPhilippines.pdf (last accessed on 12 September 2019). “4S Testimony of Segfredo Serrano, TSN dated 23-24 May 2018, pp. 133-147, also available at http://chr.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/201 9/04/NICC-TSN-May-23-to-24-2018-Metro-ManilaPhilippines.pdf (last accessed on 12 September 2019).