Land Acquisition, Resettlement, Rehabilitation and Indigenous Peoples’ Policy, 3rd edition (2007) distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and culture, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos. ICCs/IPs shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions or cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains. Indigenous Peoples’ Action Plan (IPAP) -- An IPAP is written when an infrastructure project has been found through the social assessment to have potentially adverse effects on Indigenous Peoples. The IPAP sets out measures through which the DPWH and other government agencies will ensure that Indigenous Peoples affected by the project receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits. It also specifies ways that the identified adverse effects are avoided, minimized, mitigated, or compensated. The formulation of the IPAP is mandated by DPWH Department Order No. 327 series of 2003. Indigenous Political Structure -- As defined in R.A. 8371, it refers to organizational and cultural leadership systems, institutions, relationships, patterns and processes for decision-making and participation, identified by ICCs/IPs such as, but not limited to, Council of Elders, Council of Timuays, Bodong Holder, or any other tribunal or body or similar nature. Land Acquisition -- It is the process of acquiring land from the current owners pursuant to the provisions of RA 8974 modes of acquisition. The modes of land acquisition are Donation, Barter or Exchange, Purchase, Quit Claim or Expropriation. Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) -- It refers to the document signed by the project proponent, the affected IPs, and/or the NCIP and other relevant parties embodying the terms and conditions agreed upon to ensure, among others, that Indigenous Peoples affected by the project receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits. It also specifies ways that the identified adverse effects are avoided, minimized, mitigated, or compensated. The MOA serves as the IPAP for affected IPs living in ancestral domain and IPs resettled in lands of the public domain due to previous government projects/policies and involuntary displacement because of war and natural calamities. For the complete listing of the MOA’s contents, refer to NCIP Administrative Order No. 1 series of 2006, Part VIII. Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) -- It refers to the document signed by government agencies, e.g. DPWH and NCIP, DPWH and LGUs governing their vi Environmental and Social Services Office Department of Public Works and Highways February 2007