ii C E N T E R F O R I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N V I R O N M E N TA L L AW © 2017 Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) About CIEL  Founded in 1989, the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) uses the power of law to protect the environment, promote human rights, and ensure a just and sustainable society. CIEL is dedicated to advocacy in the global public interest through legal counsel, policy research, analysis, education, training, and capacity building. Smoke and Fumes: The Legal and Evidentiary Basis for Holding Big Oil Accountable for the Climate Crisis by The Center for International Environmental Law is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Acknowledgements  This report was authored by Carroll Muffett and Steven Feit and edited by Amanda Kistler and Marie Mekosh, with additional contributions by Lisa Anne Hamilton. Many people have contributed to the Smoke and Fumes research over the last five years through insights, comments, and sharing of their own research, including Kristin Casper, Kert Davies, Brenda Ekwurzel, Peter Frumhoff, Lili Fuhr, Richard Heede, Kathryn Mulvey, Naomi Oreskes, Dan Zegart, and others. Nate Pauzenga designed the Smoke & Fumes website, which makes navigating this information possible. This report, and the extensive body of research that underlies it, were made possible with generous support from the Wallace Global Fund, V Kann Rasmussen Foundation, WestWind Foundation, the KR Foundation, and Heinrich Boell Foundation. Errors and omissions are the sole responsibility of CIEL. This briefing note is for general information purposes only. It is intended solely as a discussion piece. It is not and should not be relied upon as legal advice. While efforts were made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this report and the above information is from sources believed reliable, the information is presented “as is” and without warranties, express or implied. If there are material errors within this briefing note, please advise the author. Receipt of this briefing note is not intended to and does not create an attorney-client relationship. Marie Mekosh, CIEL Gerratt, NonprofitDesign.com COVER PHOTO: ©Dave Chenell DESIGN & LAYOUT: ORIGINAL TEMPLATE: David