Land conflicts bring different forms Many land disputes start even of human rights violations. Regarding before company operations civil and political rights, the rights begin. Corruption issues arise to freedom of expression, security, during the process of license access to information and freedom of movement are often violated. State and permit distribution. violence related to land conflicts has been described in the form of intimidation, harassment, criminalization, arbitrary arrests, torture, and shooting. A number of the reports show that human rights defenders face criminalization, including arbitrary arrests, terrorism, and violence. Meanwhile, the economic, socio-cultural rights that are violated include the right to land, water, environment, labor, social security, health, education, housing and cultural heritage. The forms of infringement include land grabs, forced evictions, environmental pollution, discrimination, and corruption. Palm oil plantations In recent years, palm oil has drawn increased attention due to the environmental impacts caused by forest and peat land conversion, as well as the social impacts linked to land disputes and conflict. In 2012, out of 232 agrarian conflicts reported, more than half (119) were related to the palm oil industry. In 2014, a total of 591 land conflicts in 22 provinces and 143 districts were associated with oil palm plantations (Sawit Watch, 2014). The conflicts were commonly between local communities/indigenous peoples and plantation companies. Industrial forests A KPA scoping study shows that many cases of land conflict also occur in the industrial forest sector. A typical conflict between communities and companies manifests a similar pattern with the land conflict in palm oil industries. Currently, there are hundreds of HTI companies that have been involved in land conflict with communities, mainly peasants and indigenous peoples. Corruption and lack of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) Many land disputes start even before company operations begin. Corruption issues arise during the process of license and permit distribution. WALHI, an environmental advocacy NGO, revealed that many large-scale 54 Upholding Land Rights amidst the Land Rush