111 A sizeable number of households have experienced displacement as a result of land and resource conflicts. There were 99 cases involving displacement and 29 cases with threats of displacement. Cases of displacement included the eviction of 17,000 households from their residence, and damages to livelihood or displacement from their sources of livelihood for nearly 75,000 households. Business investments, particularly in mining and forestry indirectly caused more than 47,000 livelihoods to be damaged by pollution, or caused land and natural resources used for livelihood to become vulnerable to natural disasters. Threats of displacement were also documented. More than 47,000 households experienced threat of eviction from their residence and close to 44,000 households experienced threat of displacement from or damage to their sources of livelihood. Economic violence in land and resource conflicts was observed to have also been committed against rural communities, with 56 incidents documented. A majority (89 percent) of the incidents of economic violence found in the study involved businesses manipulating farmers to enter into unfair Agribusiness Venture Arrangements (AVAs). Such arrangements deprive the farmers of land rights and/or bury them in debt. Other forms of economic violence are labor issues in haciendas/plantations and the refusal to pay royalties by mining operations in ancestral domains. Data analysis also showed one hundred twenty six (126) incidents of forcible entry into ancestral domains without FPIC. A majority (78 percent) of these incidents occurred in Mindanao. These violations were committed by businesses or migrants wanting to claim ownership and/or use of land for purposes not properly discussed with the existing Indigenous Political Structure (IPS) in the area. Other forms of political violence documented were criminalization of activities of community leaders and members, and the denial of access to decision-making processes affecting land and resource rights. Impact on the environment Damage to the environment is considered a pronounced yet indirect effect of land and resource conflicts arising from investments. Some investments have major impacts on public health such as contamination of bodies of water, while others are felt by communities by way of damage to biodiversity. The clearing of forests makes communities vulnerable to natural disasters and Land Conflicts and Land Rights Defenders in the Philippines and denial of participation in decision-making processes affecting land and resource rights.