33 Bangladesh (cont.) Urbanization, rising land prices and property markets Land grabs, often involving political corruption State land acquisitions/expropriations for infrastructure (e.g., power projects, eco-parks,) and investment areas (i.e., special economic zones) State-led land grabbing of unregistered lands of citizens Private land grabbing of unregistered lands by powerful people/ public officials n Economic land concessions (plantations, mining, hydropower dams, etc.) n Evictions from city development (property markets) and establishment of Special Economic Zones n Government infrastructure projects (roads, railways) n Encroachments on community land (forest lands, communal forests and lands of indigenous people) n n India n Indonesia n Nepal n State-led land acquisitions and expropriations for infrastructure (roads, railways, dams and power projects, ports, tourism, etc.) and Special Economic Zones (SEZs) n State-led expropriations for direct investments by private entities n Privatization of community lands that are under common property use and tenure n Land conversion of forests to other uses n State-led takeover of forest lands in the name of afforestation and conservation areas n Mining and plantation concessions n Land encroachment, dispossession (land grabs) against Dalits and Tribals by elites and upper castes n Ethnic conflicts, social and religious tensions that escalate and involve land disputes n Environmental issues (pollution, erosion) and resource conflicts (water) arising from misuse of land and poor management of resources Private and State-owned plantations (oil palm, rubber) through State land concessions and facilitation n Government infrastructure projects (roads and toll highways, airports, railways, seaports) n Property development (housing, hotels, commercial areas, offices and multi-use complexes) and urbanization (including land reclamation, seizure of water resources) – usually involving land grabs and evictions n Forestry (concessions for logging, industrial forests; boundary conflicts between State forests/Perhutani and local communities) n Mining and logging concessions/leases n Coastal and marine conflicts n Agrarian conflicts in the agriculture and food sector Local disputes within families or among community members (i.e., inheritance, property transfers, boundary disputes, production sharing) n Land and resource conflicts (informal settlers in forestlands, indigenous peoples and dwellers in protected areas, overlapping land use n Non-recognition of customary tenure, abolition of kipat system Regional Summary: A Perspective Overview of Land Conflicts in Six Asian Countries Cambodia n n n