T.A. Cinco et al. / Atmospheric Research 145–146 (2014) 12–26 15 Fig. 1. Topographic map of the Philippines showing the location of synoptic stations, data from which was used in this study. Note the location of stations at Baguio (north west) and Malaybalay (south east) in the uplands (dark shaded areas). temperature (Tmean) was calculated for the baseline period of 1961–1990 for each of the stations against which subsequent annual anomalies are calculated. The anomalies were calculated by taking the mean temperature in each year and subtracting the mean for the period 1961–1990. In addition the five-year running mean was calculated and plotted. 3.3.2. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures (Tmax and Tmin) The temperature extremes were considered and subjected to the same analysis as the annual mean temperatures described above (3.3.1). The observed mean annual maximum temperatures (Tmax) were gathered and plotted in time series. The mean of annual temperatures for the period 1961–1990 normal was calculated in the same manner and is considered the baseline for detecting anomalies. The five-year running mean as well as linear regression analysis were also plotted to demonstrate the relationship between the changes in temperature over time and to illustrate the overall trend. This same process was repeated for the observed mean annual minimum temperature (Tmin). 3.3.3. Extreme daily events: temperature and precipitation In order to identify trends in climatic extremes based on daily data, indices consistent with those used by Manton et al. (2001) were selected (Table 1). The data used for the