or community). It defines the bundle of rights as well as the responsibilities of the rights holder, in the form of ownership, leasehold rights (with a fee), user and management rights, or extraction permits. The tenure instrument also defines the duration of these rights – e.g., in perpetuity (for private property), 25-year leases (for Community-Based Forest Management/CBFM Agreements) or annually (as in the case of Municipal Fishery Registries) (Table 1). Support services. Asset reform programs are usually accompanied by government support services designed to help the “beneficiaries” make the most productive use of the redistributed assets. These may come in the provision of infrastructure, facilities, credit and capital, extension services, livelihood support, as well as broader community services in health and nutrition, education and welfare. While there is emphasis on the delivery of services, of equal importance Table 1. Tenure instruments issued under Philippine asset reforms. Tenure instrument Issuing authority Description CLT DAR Individual transfer certificate CLOA DAR Individual/ collective transfer certificate Leasehold contract Private Land Title or TCT Period of tenure Bundle of Rights Lease/ rent out Assign/ sell P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Enter/ Access Harvest Use/ Plant Exclude others Inherit rights –– P P P P P –– P P P P P Private contract Usually 1-5 years P P P P P LRA Title Perpetuity P P P P Land patent DENR Original title Perpetuity P P P CBFM Agreement Collective land lease 25 years, renewable for +25 yrs P P DENR Municipal fishers registry LGU Permit to harvest/ fish One year, renewed annually P P CADC  NCIP Domain Claim  ­­–– P CADT  NCIP Collective/ Native Title Perpetuity CALT  NCIP Individual Title Perpetuity 20 Status of Land and Resource Tenure Reform in the Philippines 2018