Figure 1. Asset reform framework. Second is the identification of the rights holders (or “beneficiaries”) based on eligibilities and entitlements as defined or recognized by law. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), for instance, is based on the principle of land to the tiller (i.e., tillership rights). The Philippine Fisheries Code assigns rights over municipal waters based on resource use (i.e., user rights). Under the IPRA, indigenous people are identified and recognized based on the principle of selfascription and identification, together with other factors such as territory and community, history and culture. Asset reform also involves an actual transfer of rights over the delineated territory to the identified rights holders. This involves not only the awarding of a legal tenure instrument (as described below) but also the de facto possession and exercise of rights of the “beneficiary” over the resource. Unfortunately, there are documented cases where farmers are awarded land certificates, yet they are prevented from entering or cultivating their awarded lands. Tenure instrument. The “rules of tenure define how property rights to land are to be allocated within societies… Land tenure systems determine who can use what resources for how long, and under what conditions” (FAO, 2002). In the case of State-led asset reforms, a tenure instrument refers to a legal or statutory document or a registry that allocates rights and recognition to people, groups or communities with respect to land and natural resources. It assigns tenure rights either to an individual or to a collective (cooperative, association Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC) 19