SUMMARY OF AMICI EXPERT CONTRIBUTIONS REGARDING OBLIGATIONS OF STATES203 Key Findings and Messages     Human rights norms clarify how States should respond to climate change. Human rights law imposes wide-ranging obligations upon States to protect the human rights of individuals from infringements by third parties, including corporations. States’ obligation to address environmental harm that interferes with the full enjoyment of human rights extends to harm caused by climate change impacts. International law requires States to protect persons within their jurisdiction against human rights abuses as a result of the conduct of corporate actors headquartered outside of their territory. Summary Argument I. State Duties and Obligations arising from International Human Rights Law A. States have obligations under international human rights law to address the causes of climate change and other environmental harm that affects human rights The Philippines has ratified each of the major human rights treaties from which legal obligations arise, and has consistently supported the adoption of a human rights approach to climate change in international climate negotiations and at the Human Rights Council. 204 The responsibilities of States in respect of the human rights impacts of climate change are clearly set out in the UNEP report, Climate Change and Human Rights (2013). That report notes that there are three types of obligations imposed on States by international human rights treaties: a) The duty to respect human rights, a negative obligation, which requires States to refrain from taking actions that would interfere with or curtail the enjoyment of human rights. b) The duty to protect human rights against violations by third parties. c) The duty to fulfill human rights, a positive obligation, which requires States to undertake measures to ensure the realization of rights for all members of society.205 203 This summary was compiled with inputs by Client Earth (Sophie Marjanac), Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) (Sébastien Duyck, Erika Lennon & Carroll Muffett), Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (ELAW) (Jennifer Gleason & Killian Doherty), Our Children’s Trust (Elizabeth Brown & Danny Noonan), Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions & the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (APF & GANHRI) (Annalisa Savaresi), Maastricht Principles Drafting Group (compiled by Kristine Perry), and Plan B (Tim Crosland) and based on their previously submitted amicus curiae briefs as well as relevant updates. 204 ClientEarth brief, at ¶¶ 48-49. 205 UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, HUMAN RIGHTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE, 15 (2015) [hereinafter UNEP HUMAN RIGHTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE]. 43