99 Id. CEDAW Committee, Concluding Observations: Philippines, supra note 5, para. 27. 101 Id., para. 28. See also, CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation No. 33 on women's access to justice, at 18, para. 47, U.N. Doc. CEDAW/C/GC/33 (2015) ("Criminal codes or acts … discriminate against women by: … [c]riminalizing forms of behaviour that can be performed only by women, such as abortion"), and CEDAW Committee, Gen. Recommendation No. 24, supra note 60, para. 31(c), ("When possible, legislation criminalizing abortion should be amended, in order to withdraw punitive measures imposed on women who undergo abortion"). 102 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding Observations: Philippines, para. 31, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/PHL/CO/4 (2008) ("The Committee notes with concern that, under the State party’s legal system, abortion is illegal in all circumstances, even when the woman’s life or health is in danger or pregnancy is the result of rape or incest, and that complications from unsafe, clandestine abortions are among the principal causes of maternal deaths. … [T]he Committee encourages the State party to address, as a matter of priority, the problem of maternal deaths as a result of clandestine abortions, and consider reviewing its legislation criminalising abortion in all circumstances."). 103 Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations: Philippines, para. 13, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/PHL/CO/4 (2012) ("The Committee regrets the absolute ban on abortions, which compels pregnant women to seek clandestine and harmful abortion services, and accounts for a significant number of maternal deaths. … The State party should review its legislation with a view to making provision for exceptions to the prohibition of abortion, such as protection of life or health of the mother, and pregnancy resulting from rape or incest, in order to prevent women from having to seek clandestine harmful abortions."). 104 PHIL. CONST. (1987), art. II, sec. 12. 105 States whose constitutions contain protections for the life of the unborn but permit abortion in certain circumstances include Kenya, Hungary, Costa Rica, Republic of Ireland, Slovak Republic and Poland. See CONST., arts. 26 (2), (4) (2010) (Kenya); A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY] (2011), art. II; Law on the Protection of Fetal Life (Act LXXIX of 1992) (Hung.); CONST. (1949), title IV, art. 21 (Costa Rica); Código Penal (Penal Code) No. 4573, art. 121, May 4, 1970 (Costa Rica); IR. CONST., 1937, art. 40 (3.3); Attorney General v X and Others, [1992] 1 I/R/ 846P (Ir.); Nález Ústavného súdu Slovenskej republiky, sp. zn. [Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic, No. PL. ÚS 12/01-297] (Dec. 4, 2007) (unofficial translation on file with the Center for Reproductive Rights), CONST. (1997), art. 38 (Pol.). 106 CENTER FOR REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, FORSAKEN LIVES, supra note 20, at 13; REVISED PENAL CODE, Act No. 3815, arts. 256-259 (Phil.) [hereinafter REV. PENAL CODE]. 107 REV. PENAL CODE, supra note 106, arts. 256-259 (prescribes a prison term of up to six years for a pregnant woman who obtains an abortion, and for any person, including medical professionals, who causes or assists with an abortion with the consent of the woman). 108 Arrested for abortion, TEMPO (July 31, 2013), http://www.tempo.com.ph/2013/07/31/arrested-for-abortion/; Ed Mahilum, 92-year-old abortionist arrested, MANILA BULLETIN (Oct. 1, 2013), http://www.mb.com.ph/92-yearold-abortionist-arrested/; Aie Balagtas See, Woman nabbed for abortion, THE PHILIPPINE STAR (July 12, 2015), http://www.philstar.com/metro/2015/07/12/1475986/woman-nabbed-abortion. 109 Pete Laude, Student dies from abortion; midwife, aide arrested, THE PHILIPPINE STAR (Apr. 1, 2012), http://www.philstar.com/metro/792774/student-dies-abortion-midwife-aide-arrested; Rey Galupo, Man arrested for forcing girlfriend to undergo abortion, THE PHILIPPINE STAR (Sept. 22, 2014), http://www.philstar.com/metro/2014/09/22/1371700/man-arrested-forcing-girlfriend-undergo-abortion. 110 MCW, supra note 8, sec. 12. 111 RPRHA, supra note 8, sec. 3(j). 112 Id., sec. 4(s). 113 Criminal Code Committee, Department of Justice–Republic of the Philippines, http://www.doj.gov.ph/ criminal-code-committee.html (last visited Oct. 13, 2015). 114 Criminal Code Committee, The Criminal Code of the Philippines (Draft) (copy on file with the Center) [hereinafter Draft Criminal Code]. 115 Press release, Center for Reproductive Rights, Philippine Department of Justice Fails to Include Grounds for Abortion in Draft Criminal Code (Sept. 10, 2014), http://www.reproductiverights.org/press-room/philippinedepartment-of-justice-fails-to-include-grounds-for-abortion-in-draft-criminal-code. 116 Criminal Code Committee, The Criminal Code of the Philippines (Draft), secs. 23, 53 (Sept. 2014), available at https://www.doj.gov.ph/files/ccc/Criminal_Code_September-2014(draft).pdf. 117 Id., secs. 23, 53. 118 Id., secs. 23, 53. 119 CEDAW Committee, Inquiry Report, supra note 4, para. 52 (e). 120 GUTTMACHER INSTITUTE, UNINTENDED PREGNANCY, supra note 94, at 5. 121 Singh S et al., GUTTMACHER INSTITUTE, UNINTENDED PREGNANCY AND INDUCED ABORTION IN THE PHILIPPINES: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES, at 6 (2006) [hereinafter Singh, CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES] 100 14