Victims of drug-related killings were mostly poor men, who have low-skilled and low-paid jobs or were even unemployed. The right to life were violated through arbitrary killings and the lack of due process. “Not only has this campaign exposed police brutality and impunity, it has also highlighted the double standard accorded to alleged drug peddlers – with the poor immediately met with bullets while the rich are provided the “benefit of the doubt” and the right to due process” (Karapatan, 2017). This trend has implications on the discussion of the impact on the families left behind. Specifically, with a glaring majority of them already marginalized on the basis of their socio-economic status, the impact is even harder as classbased discrimination interfaces with gender, age and other identities and affinities of families. There is a growing literature on the impact of the Philippine drug war on families left behind, although these are mostly in the form of case documentation and features coming from media and civil society reports. 1 The running themes from these documents include fears, threats/intimidation, lack of access to socioeconomic, psychological and legal remedies from the government, harassment of human rights defenders while continuous impunity for the perpetrators and profiteering. Fear, threats and intimidation Ana lost her husband and 19-year old son. Together with her four children, they have to change their address for fear of the police (Uy, 2017). Maria, lost two members of the family. Her husband was also in the watchlist, so they decided to change residence and entrust their children to their parents (Uy, 2017). Several staff of Amnesty International (AI) Philippines had personally experienced being declined by witnesses or family members to talk about what took place, citing safety reasons (Amnesty International, 2017). For instance, one family in Metro Manila did not attend the wake of the family member that was shot dead by a police officer at point-blank range (Amnesty International, 2017). Others requested that their identities be concealed. In some cases, the neighbors refused to attend the wake of the dead to avoid being associated with the person and his/her family (Ladrido, 2018). As a result, families opted to silence their voices in fear of retaliation from the perpetrators. Limited resource, high cost of justice For every Tokhang victim, there is a woman wailing beside - Neri Colmenares (in Lopez, 2018). A major barrier for those who opted to pursue investigation and legal justice for the death of their loved ones is the lack of economic resources. Not surprisingly only a few chose to bring 1 Apart from news and research reports cited, see also The Human Cost of the Philippine War on Drugs (NASWEI, 2017). The casebook features 19 cases of accounts of the drug war from the perspective of drug surrenderees and families whose loved ones were lost to the killings. It was written by social work faculty members from different universities and colleges in the country. Panaghoy: The Philippine War on Drugs from the Perspective of Women March 2019 10

Select target paragraph3