CASE STUDY: The case of the Talaandig of Miarayon in Talakag Bukidnon best illustrates the problems and issues that have arisen in the implementation of JAO 01-2012. The Talaandig Community of Miarayon The ancestral domain covers four (4) barangays in the Municipality of Talakag, Province of Bukidnon namely Barangays Miarayon, Lapok, Lirungan, and Barangay San Miguel (Sitio Tinaytayan). It is composed of around 2,500 families or 12,000 individuals; of which 90 percent are Talaandigs while the other 10 percent are Dumagats or migrants. A substantial portion of the ancestral domain have now become secondary forests and grasslands due to the unabated expansion of commercial gardens in the area. Aside from these, the ancestral domain is also composed of primary forest, secondary forest, agricultural areas, and residential areas. A recent approximation by the DENR reveals that the ancestral domain is 20 percent primary forest, while the other 80 percent is composed of secondary forests, idle/grasslands, agricultural, and residential areas. The governance of the ancestral domain is enforced through its indigenous peoples’ organization known as the MILALITTRA (Miarayon-Lapok-LironganTinaytayan Tribal Association). Management and final decision-making rests on its Council of Elders, which also comprise the governing structure of the organization. The organization is a member of the Mt. Kalatungan Range Council of Elders through its Chairperson, Datu Rio Besto, as one of the Board of Trustees. Members of MILALITTRA are composed of two thousand five hundred (2,500) families belonging to the Talaandig-Kalatungan ethnic group. The organization was established in 1993 with the primary aim to regain the ownership of their ancestral territories. In 1997, the organization submitted its application for a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) to the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). In 2004, the NCIP approved the CADT application covering a total of 11,105.57 hectares, a big portion of which is located within the Mt. Kalatungan Range Natural Park. The forested regions are jointly managed by the community with the Mt. Kalatungan Protected Area Management Board (PAMB), which is a multiANGOC and PAFID 17