76 the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.”375 Thus: Recalling also that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law … the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.376 The 1997 Kyoto Protocol, despite having had limited impact on global emissions,377 was a milestone in climate action because it was the first legally binding step toward implementing the UNFCCC’s principles and goals.378 On 1 March 2015, international legal experts adopted the Oslo Principles on Global Climate Obligations (Oslo Principles).379 The Oslo Principles established specific obligations for States and businesses to combat climate change, the most noteworthy of which being the commitment to ensure that the rise in average world temperature does not exceed 2 degrees Celsius,380 and that “the measures required … should be adopted without regard to the cost, unless that cost is completely disproportionate to the reduction in emissions that will be brought about by expending it.”381 The obligations elaborated in the Oslo Principles, like the UNGP-BHR, are codifications of well-established principles of international environmental law, international human rights law, and, to some extent, tort law.382 375 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate, Preamble. 376 Id. 377 Stavins R., J. Zou, T. Brewer, M. Conte Grand, M. den Elzen, M. Finus, J. Gupta, N. Höhne, M.K. Lee, A. Michaelowa, M. Paterson, K. Ramakrishna, G. Wen, J. Wiener, and H. Winkler, 2014: International Cooperation: Agreements and Instruments. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, available at https://www.ipcc.ch/site/ assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter13.pdf (last accessed Mar. 18, 2021). 378 Peter Jackson, From Stockholm to Kyoto: A Brief History of Climate Change, Green Our World!, No. 2 Vol. XLIV, 2007, available at https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/stockholm-kyoto-briefhistory-climate-change (last accessed Mar. 18, 2021). 379 Expert Group on Global Climate Obligations, Oslo Principles on Global Climate Obligations (2015) [hereinafter Oslo Principles]. 380 Id. princ. 6. 381 Id. princ. 1. 382 Id.