2012. UN-facilitated peace talks between the Panamanian government and the Ngöbe-Buglé
led to an agreement in March 2012 to carry out a review of the project’s disputed
Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental groups around the world are currently
calling for the withdrawal of the project concession and the suspension from the CDM.
They are also calling on banks and companies to freeze their support to the project.300
7.3 The Right to an Adequate Standard of Living in the Context of
Climate Change Adaptation Policies
Compared to mitigation policies, much less attention has been given by human rights
commentators to the impact of adaptation policies on the right to adequate standards of
living.301 Nevertheless, inappropriate adaptation planning may result in severe adverse
impacts on the rights to food, water and housing, and can lead to ‘adaptation apartheid’.302
Differential human vulnerability of affected populations to climate change impacts must be
thoroughly investigated through in-depth participation and consultation mechanisms.303
Regional and group disparities, intra-household dynamics and the influence of gender on
accessibility all need to be understood at the design phase so as to address disparities in
adaptive capacity.304
Right to Adequate Food
States’ adaptation planning must take into account the impacts of climate change on the
right to food across sectors, including agriculture, livestock, and fisheries. Information
gathering and sharing is particularly important in order to adapt in the agricultural sector.
Farmers need to be educated on future changes in local climatic conditions and given access
to diversified crop seeds such as drought-tolerant or salt-tolerant species. In the case of
climate-induced migration, States should take into account the added strain on food supply
systems in areas where there is an influx of migrants.
CASE STUDY: Tuvalu’s NAPA project to introduce salt-resistant crops
National Adaption Programmes of Action (NAPAs) provide a process for addressing the
immediate adaptation needs of LDCs with regard to climate change, including concerns
regarding the right to food. LDC parties can submit their NAPAs to the UNFCCC
Secretariat to become eligible for funding for the implementation of NAPA projects.
Tuvalu’s 2007 NAPA identifies conditions threatening the enjoyment of the right to food
within its jurisdiction. Tuvalu is a small island developing State that is particularly at risk
from rising sea levels, as the average height of its atolls is less than 2 metres above sea level.
It is already experiencing the serious effects of sea level rise, including the destruction of
food crops caused by the rising saltwater table. In light of these circumstances, Tuvalu’s
NAPA highlights the fact that saltwater intrusions305 due to rising sea levels will be worsened
by the increasing frequency of extreme events; the combination of saltwater intrusion and
rising temperatures will put stress on fruit trees, placing them at greater risk of pest
infestation; and the combination of salt water intrusion and increasing frequency of extreme
weather events will result in a loss of more than 50% in pulaka, coconut, banana and
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