example, the ILO recommends that such assessments include the impact slow-onset and extreme weather events on: • • • • • • Employment: What will be the direct and indirect employment losses (and gains) due to climate change effects (including migratory flows)? Productivity of existing employment and livelihoods: What will be the changes in existing productivity that may not result in actual job losses but are likely to result in the deterioration of employment and livelihoods? Multiplier benefits: What are multiplier effects throughout the economy and employment as a whole? Impacts on the quality of employment: What are the impacts on informality, standards and conditions, child labour, occupational health and safety? Demands for social protection and security, demands on labour market institutions for retraining and other active labour market policies, increases in transitional unemployment, etc. Social impacts of direct and indirect factors: What are the decreases in household income and consumption? Impacts on health and education?142 Adaptation in relation to work and livelihoods is also intrinsically linked with mitigation. For example, “exploring the ways in which strategies of adaptation in developed countries can work with strategies of mitigation is leading to a more precise focus on public policy and the drivers of change in economic activity.”143 In this respect, work adaptation policies can be viewed from the standpoint of the transition to a low-carbon economy. Work can be “greened” or adapted to be more conducive to low-carbon social structures. CASE STUDY: Prioritizing the Protection of Livelihoods of the Vulnerable in Lesotho’s Adaptation Planning144 Lesotho has made the positive livelihood and employment impacts of adaptation a priority in its National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). In the NAPA, proposed adaptation measures were evaluated on: the impact on vulnerable groups and resources; impact on the economic growth rate of the vulnerable communities; impact on poverty reduction; multilateral environmental agreements synergies; employment-creation; and prospects for sustainability. On the basis of this assessment, the top three adaptation options identified were: improving the resilience of livestock production systems under extreme climatic conditions in various livelihood zones in Lesotho; promoting sustainable crop-based livelihood systems in particular regions; and capacity-building and policy reform to integrate climate change into sectoral development plans. 40