24. The IPCC’s 2014 assessment report (AR 5) provides more information about these types of effects. For example, it states that increased malnutrition from decreased food production will lead to increased risks of mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. 13 The rise in extreme weather- related events due to climate change, such as increased precipitation and flooding, contribute to an oral-faecal contamination pathway in water sources that is difficult to manage and that increases the number of cases of disease and fatalities. In addition, the IPCC determined with high confidence that since the middle of the 20th century climate change has already resulted in an increase in warm temperature extremes, which has in turn likely resulted in an increase in a number of heat-related deaths. Specifically, the report noted a “greater likelihood of injury and death due to more intense heat waves and fires.” 14 Studies have found that the mortality rate from extreme heat events outweigh the gains from less cold days. 25. A report by the World Bank affirmed many of the IPCC’s conclusions, finding that “impacts of climate change could include injuries and deaths due to extreme weather events.” 15 The World Bank also highlighted that prolonged heat waves resulting from climate change “are generally the most destructive as mortality and morbidity rates are strongly linked to heat wave duration, with excess deaths increasing each additional hot day.” Strong evidence is provided by the number of victims of recent heatwaves: “the death toll of the 2003 heat wave is estimated at 70,000, with daily excess mortality reaching up to 2,200 in France;” “the heatwave in Russia in 2010 resulted in an estimated death toll of 55,000.”16 Climate change can also cause mortality through drought and expanding disease vectors.17 26. Conservative estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that 250,000 additional deaths could potentially occur each year between 2030 and 2050 as a result of climate change.18 Based on these predictions, the OHCHR concluded that “at its most extreme, climate change kills.”19 In order to uphold the right to life States have an affirmative obligation to take measures to mitigate climate change and thus prevent foreseeable loss of life. 20 between climate change and human rights, A/HRC/10/61, 15 January 2009, available at https://undocs.org/A/HRC/10/61, paras 22, 23. 13 IPCC, Working Group II Report “Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability,” available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/, p. 1056. 14 IPCC, “Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report,” available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/, p. 69. 15 The World Bank, “Turn down the heat: why a 4°C warmer world must be avoided,” 2012, available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/865571468149107611/pdf/NonAsciiFileName0.pdf, p. xvii. 16 Ibid, p. 13. 17 UN OHCHR, “Understanding Human Rights and Climate Change” - Submission of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015, available at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/COP21.pdf, p. 14. 18 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), “Healthy Environment, Healthy People,” Thematic report Ministerial policy review session, Second session of the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 23–27 May 2016, available at: https://documentsdds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K16/027/27/pdf/K1602727.pdf?OpenElement, p. 6. 19 Analytical study on the relationship between climate change and the human right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, A/HRC/32/23, 6 May 2016, available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/32/23, para 8. 20 Ibid, para 54. 6