10 “can be construed as an approximate bracketing of the consensus of transient model predictions for the next century’s CO2 greenhouse effect. In this restricted sense, they are consistent with the EPA’s estimate of a 2 °C warming from fossil fuel CO2 and other GHG by the middle of the next century.” Their conclusion is entitled “Consensus CO2 Warming.” • Exxon’s principal climate scientist, Haroon Kheshgi, was a contributing author to Chapter 8 of the 1995 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, which observed a “discernible human influence on global climate” [20]. Kheshgi also co-authored the Summary for Policymakers and several chapters of the next IPCC report in 2001, which found “there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities” [21–23]. • In 2004, one peer-reviewed ExxonMobil Corp publication refers to “the fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere, and contributes to the radiative forcing of climate”; another presents “cumulative CO2 emissions” for a “550 ppm stabilization trajectory”; and a third discusses “CO2 disposal as an option to mitigate climate change from an enhanced greenhouse effect” [24–26]. Characteristic examples in ExxonMobil’s internal documents include: • A 1979 Exxon study, which concluded that: “The most widely held theory is that: - The increase [in atmospheric CO2] is due to fossil fuel combustion - Increasing CO2 concentration will cause a warming of the earth’s surface - The present trend of fossil fuel consumption will cause dramatic environmental effects before the year 2050.” The memo does, however, note the “great uncertainty in the existing climatic models”, which was reasonable in 1979 [27]. • In a 1978 presentation to the Exxon Corporation Management Committee, Exxon scientist James Black showed a graph (see https://perma.cc/PJ4N-T8SC) of projected warming “model[ed] with the assumption that the carbon dioxide levels will double by 2050 A.D.” [28]. Unsurprisingly in 1978, Black also stressed the alleged shortcomings of extant climate models. • An internal Exxon briefing on the “CO2 ‘Greenhouse’ Effect” from 1982 includes a graph (see https://perma. cc/PH4X-ZJBA) showing “an estimate of the average global temperature increase” under the “Exxon 21st Century StudyHigh Growth scenario” [29]. • A table (see https://perma.cc/9DGQ- 4TBW) presented by Exxon scientist Henry Shaw at a 1984 Exxon/Esso environmental conference showed that Exxon’s expected “average temperature rise” of 1.3 °C–3.1 °C was comparable to projections by leading research institutions (1.5°C– 4.5°C) [30]. Shaw made