CHR-NI-2016-0001 Statement of Resource Person, Katherine Lofts while in other parts of the country, there has been a decrease in total rainfall.4 Other studies indicate an increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones originating in the Pacific over the last few decades, including the occurrence of three typhoons with the highest ever recorded maximum gustiness (Typhoons Durian, Babs, and Haiyan) over the last two decades alone.5 As numerous international experts and bodies have recognized, the effects of climate change have profound repercussions for the enjoyment of a wide range of human rights.6 As the climate changes, the impacts on ecosystems, the increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters and slow onset events, and the potential for increased conflict, will all affect a number of rights, including the right to life, the right to food, the rights to water and sanitation, the right to adequate housing, the right to health, the right to education, and the right to culture.7 The rights to equality and non-discrimination, to self determination, and to economic, social and cultural development are similarly implicated.8 In addition, the mitigation and adaptation measures taken by States in response to climate change have the potential to negatively affect the enjoyment of human rights.9 4 Rex Victor O Cruz et al, 2017 Philippine Climate Change Assessment: Working Group 2: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation (Ortigas Pasig City: Oscar M. Lopez Center & Climate Change Commission, 2017) at 2 [Cruz et al]. 5 Ibid. 6 Sébastien Duyck, Sébastien Jodoin & Alyssa Johl, “Integrating Human Rights in Global Climate Governance” in Sébastien Duyck, Sébastien Jodoin & Alyssa Johl, eds., Routledge Handbook of Human Rights and Climate Governance (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2018) at 3. See, eg: Human Rights Council (HRC) Res 7/23, Human Rights and Climate Change, UN Doc A/HRC/RES/7/23 (28 March 2008); HRC Res 10/4, Human Rights and Climate Change, UN Doc A/HRC/RES/10/14 (25 March 2009); UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Report of the OHCHR on the Relationship between Climate Change and Human Rights, UN Doc A/HRC/10/61 (15 January 2009) [A/HRC/10/61]; HRC Res 18/22, Human Rights and Climate Change, UN Doc A/HRC/RES/18/22 (30 September 2011); United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the Work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action Under the Convention, UN Doc FCCC/CP/2010/7Add.1 (December 2010); OHCHR, Report of the Independent Expert on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment - Mapping Report, UN Doc A/HRC/25/53 (30 December 2014) [A/HRC/25/53]; OHCHR, Mapping Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment: Focus Report on Human Rights and Climate Change (June 2014); HRC Res 26/27, Human Rights and Climate Change, UN Doc A/HRC/26/27 (27 June 2014); OHCHR, A New Climate Change Agreement Must Include Human Rights Protections for All, An Open Letter From Special Procedures Mandate-Holders of the Human Rights Council to the State Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change on the Occasion of the Meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action in Bonn (20-25 October 2014) (17 October 2014); HRC Res, Human Rights and Climate Change, UN Doc A/HRC/29/15 (2 July 2015); InterAmerican Commission on Human Rights, IACHR Expresses Concern Regarding Effects of Climate Change on Human Rights (2 December 2015); UNFCCC, Adoption of the Paris Agreement, UN Doc FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 (12 December 2015) [Paris Agreement]; OHCHR, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment, UN Doc A/HRC/31/52 (1 February 2016) [A/HRC/31/52]; OHCHR, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment, UN Doc A/HRC/37/59 (24 January 2018); OHCHR, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment, UN Doc A/HRC/37/58 (24 January 2018); HRC Res, Human Rights and Climate Change, UN Doc A/HRC/38/L.5 (2 July 2018). 7 See, eg: Stephen Humphreys, Human Rights and Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2010); Jon Barnett & W Neil Adger, “Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict” (2007) 26:6 Polit Geogr 639; Jonathan A Patz et al, “Impact of Regional Climate Change on Human Health” (2005) 438:7066 Nature 310; Anthony J McMichael, Rosalie E Woodruff & Simon Hales, “Climate Change and Human Health: Present and Future Risks” (2006) 367:9513 The Lancet 859. 8 Andrea Schapper & Markus Lederer, “Introduction: Human Rights and Climate Change: Mapping Institutional Inter-Linkages” (2014) 27:4 Camb Rev Int Aff 666 at 669. 9 See, eg, Sébastien Jodoin, Forest Preservation in a Changing Climate: REDD+ and Indigenous and Community Rights in Indonesia and Tanzania (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017). 2