The World Bank (2013a) stated that agricultural production is less effected by SLR than other SEAcountries, as agriculture in the Philippines does not take place in the coastal or low-lying areas. The bigger burden is created by TCs. Another not yet mentioned major issue for agriculture in the Philippines is land degradation. The topic is covered in Fuentes & Concepcion (2007). They argue that people have always had to deal with climate variability in the country and developed appropriate coping mechanisms but, with the combined pressures of economic development, population growth and urbanization, these could be overextended. Adaptation in the agricultural sector Recommendations for adaptation measures can be found in many publications. According to Khan et al. (2011), the issue of SLR and saltwater intrusion could be treated by: 1. Strengthening early warning systems 2. Providing safe facilities to vulnerable populations and livestock 3. Readjusting embankment systems including embankment height and drainage openings 4. Coastal forestation as a green belt to reduce risk from sea-level rise and cyclone surge. 5. Conducting appropriate epidemiological studies for climate change impact on health Yumul et al. (2010) listed the reactive measures that have been applied in the 2007 drought, as an upcoming drop in agricultural yields was obvious: 1. Fertilizers were provided to ensure bigger harvest 2. Repair of irrigation systems to safe water 3. Small water impounding projects were supported 4. Provision of farm equipment to ensure efficient planting operations. Warren (2013) summarized his main shortcomings in terms of agricultural sensitivity: 1. Some rules lack strict enforcement 2. The budget is not large enough, there are too few resources 3. Not enough qualified personnel 4. Government agencies that lack cooperation. For more information, the publication of the DENR (1999) can be used. It gives information about adaptation in many sectors. Wassmann and Dobermann (2007) focus directly on adaptation in the agriculture sector. The IPCC (2014) stated that farmers have been adapting to climate risks for generations and developed local adaptation strategies that have been documented for SEA (e.g. Peras et al., 2008; Lasco et al., 2010, 2011). This indigenous knowledge could be used as a basis for future climate change adaptation (IPCC, 2014). Lasco and Boer (2006) analyzed the vulnerability of watersheds in the Philippines and also offer adaptation methods for droughts and floods. Also widely discussed in the literature is the method of Community-Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP), which could be used as an instrument for local coping and adaptation strategies and be further combined with development strategies (Allen, 2006). In the case study list (Table 2), more studies that deal with adaptation are listed. 22