6 Conclusion The aim of the report is to give an overview of the existing literature for climate change impacts in the Philippines and to compile the corresponding publications. In case of the temperature, the literature argues consistently for a significant increase in the past (Tangang et al., 2006; Cruz et al., 2007; Cinco et al., Chooprateep and McNeil, 2014). This warming trend will persist in the future, although with higher increasing rates. Future increases in heat extremes have been confirmed also for the past (Manton et al., 2001) and for the future (Sillmann et al., 2013). For precipitation, it is fairly complex. A clear statement for the observed changes in precipitation is hard to state due to the heterogeneous precipitation patterns in the country and the different methods, analyzed data, time horizons and considered indicators of the various publications. One should consider that each of the statements given by the literature (Cruz et al., 2007; Lyon and Camargo, 2008; Endo et al., 2009; Yao et al., 2009; Endo and Matsumoto, 2010; Caesar et al., 2011; Cruz et al., 2012; Villafuerte et al., 2014) is relevant and correct under their specific assumptions. Mentioning the assumptions should allow for referring to each of them. Projections for precipitation are also challenging, which is reflected in differences that are present in the climate models. It is expected to have a slight increase in total precipitation. The IPCC (2014) stated that there is a medium confidence of a moderate increase in rainfall in SEA. For the issue of extreme precipitation, literature is relatively homogenous. They all found for the past increasing trends – both for intensity and frequency (Ende et al., 2009; Yao et al., 2009; Chang, 2011; Cinco et al., 2014; Villafuerte et al., 2014). The importance of this type of precipitation for the whole water budget can be relatively high as for some time and regions the share of the total rain can reach up to 60% (Yao et al. (2009) (apart from the importance for hazard assessments). Villafuerte et al. (2014) confirmed an extension of dry periods in the past. For future development in droughts, Taylor et al. (2012) and Sillmann et al. (2013) published an increasing drought risk for the future in the region. Sea level rise will be greater in the region compared to the rest of the world (Perrette et al., 2013). This impact of climate change is related to the issue of land subsidence which itself strongly depends on natural or anthropogenic factors. Groundwater extraction is such a human influence that can further lead to saltwater intrusion into the freshwater storages. For the major burden of the Philippines, tropical cyclones, the conclusions found in the literature are hard to generalize (similar to precipitation). The literature shows increasing intensity (Elsner et al., 2008; Webster et al., 2008; Knutson et al., 2010), but no significant trends in frequencies of the storm events (Chan and Xu, 2009; Kubota and Chan, 2009) for the past. Park et al. (2014) found different but insignificant trends for different data sets for the region. The future changes in TCs are well summarized in Knutson et al. (2010). The global average of intensity is increasing; simultaneously, we will see a decreasing frequency. Only for the most intense TCs a rising occurrence rate is assumed for the future (Sugi et al., 2009; Knutson et al., 2010; Held and Zhao, 2011; Murakami et al., 2012). Constrained by the dependency of the regional characteristics to SST distributions in the 29