G.R. No. 167614 32 of 33 [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2009/march2009/167614.htm G.R. No. 109390, March 7, 1996, 254 SCRA 457. G.R. No. 112096, January 30, 1996, 252 SCRA 588. G.R. No. 145587, October 26, 2007, 537 SCRA 409. G.R. No. 123901, September 22, 1999, 315 SCRA 23. G.R. No. 157975, June 26, 2007, 525 SCRA 586. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary visited on November 22, 2008 at 3:09. See also Flourish, supra note 95; and Athena, supra note 96. It is noted that both petitioner and the OSG drew comparisons between OFWs in general and local workers in general. However, the Court finds that the more relevant comparison is between OFWs whose employment is necessarily subject to a fixed term and local workers whose employment is also subject to a fixed term. Promulgated on August 6, 1888 by Queen Maria Cristina of Spain and extended to the Philippines by Royal Decree of August 8, 1888. It took effect on December 1, 1888. No. 1133, March 29, 1904, 3 SCRA 519. No. L-8431, October 30, 1958, 104 SCRA 748. See also Wallem Philippines Shipping, Inc. v. Hon. Minister of Labor, No. L-50734-37, February 20, 1981, 102 SCRA 835, where Madrigal Shipping Company, Inc. v. Ogilvie is cited. No. L-10422, January 11, 1916, 33 SCRA 162. No. L-15878, January 11, 1922, 42 SCRA 660. 7 Phil. 268 (1907). See also Knust v. Morse, 41 Phil 184 (1920). Brent School, Inc. v. Zamora, No. L-48494, February 5, 1990, 181 SCRA 702. No. L-22608, June 30, 1969, 28 SCRA 699. The Labor Code itself does not contain a specific provision for local workers with fixed-term employment contracts. As the Court observed in Brent School, Inc., the concept of fixed-term employment has slowly faded away from our labor laws, such that reference to our labor laws is of limited use in determining the monetary benefits to be awarded to fixed-term workers who are illegally dismissed. No. L-65545, July 9, 1986., 142 SCRA 542. G.R. No. 100399, August 4, 1992, 212 SCRA 132. G.R. No. 111212, January 22, 1996, 252 SCRA 116. G.R. No. 113363, August 24, 1999, 313 SCRA 1. G.R. No. 113911, January 23, 1998, 284 SCRA 656. See Estrada v. Escritor, A.M. No. P-02-1651, August 4, 2003, 408 SCRA 1. Id. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1971); see also Carey v. Population Service International, 431 U.S. 678 (1977). Sabio v. Gordon, G.R. Nos. 174340, 174318, 174177, October 16, 2006, 504 SCRA 704. Comment, rollo, p. 555. Memorandum of the Solicitor General, id. at 682-683 Id. at p. 693. [131] Section 3. The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all. It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations, and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law. They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. They shall also participate in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law. The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers and the preferential use of voluntary modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and shall enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster industrial peace. The State shall regulate the relations between workers and employers, recognizing the right of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable returns to investments, and to expansion and growth. 1/26/2016 3:06 PM