However, the Philippines took 30 years to achieve 90 percent completion of private lands, compared to full completion in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan in just three to five years. A major difference in context is that, unlike in East Asian countries, agrarian reform in the Philippines had to be implemented under a democratic and liberal market setting. Thus, the administrative and legal processes under CARP have been bureaucratic and tedious, while landowner compensation has been hampered by disputes over coverage and land valuation. CARP in private agricultural lands Agrarian reform in the Philippines remains unfinished business. While official data show 90 percent completion, the balance of 561,131 hectares consist of the most difficult lands where landlord resistance is high. Agrarian disputes have increased dramatically since 2009. Some 92.8 percent of the remaining lands due for coverage are large private lands, of which 70.2 percent are under compulsory acquisition. Given recent LAD accomplishments of 30,000 hectares per year, it will require another 19 years to complete CARP, unless more decisive measures are taken. Moreover, there are over 200,000 hectares in private landholdings which are deemed “CARP-able”, but for which Notices of Coverage (NOCs) have not yet been issued. Given the elapsed deadline of 20 June 2014 to commence all LAD activities, the full completion of CARP may require a new legislation or legal challenge to RA 9700. Even with the decreasing LAD balance, there has been an upsurge in the number of agrarian cases since 2009. The unfinished business of CARP goes beyond the completion of the balance coverage, as substantial numbers of agrarian reform beneficiaries are still unable to enjoy the full benefits of property rights or security of tenure. They include: n Some 1.4 million agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs) whose awarded lands remain under collective Certificate of Land Ownership Awards (CLOAs) (and are due for subdivision) as of December 2017; many of them are unable to enjoy their full “bundle of rights” as they await the parcelization of the land; n ARBs who have entered into disadvantageous agribusiness venture agreements (AVAs) and lease-out arrangements, with piling debts and loss of control over their lands; n ARBs who have been awarded their CLOAs have not yet been installed on their lands; n ARBs whose lands are under existing agrarian conflict or legal dispute; 26 Status of Land and Resource Tenure Reform in the Philippines 2018