Moreover, the quality of reforms needs to be reviewed. Although many of the rural poor have received land certificates or titles, a large proportion are still unable to enjoy the full benefits of property rights or security of tenure. Overall, the country’s land administration system has been marked by: (a) a poor system of land records and registries; (b) the absence of a single-mapping system; (c) multiple agencies that issue land titles, leases and permits; and, (d) numerous land laws that often result in conflicting tenure systems and overlapping agency jurisdictions. The most basic information regarding physical attributes of landholdings and their tenure are often incomplete and unreliable, and there are fraudulent titles and overlapping land claims. Tenure reforms under CARP The combined scope of achievement under CARP in both privately-owned and public lands appears significant and compares favorably with agrarian reforms in other Asian countries (Table 4). Table 4. Comparative coverage of agrarian reforms in selected Asian countries. Country/ Region Japan Arable Area Redistributed (in hectares) As % of all Arable Land Number of Beneficiaries (Households) As % of all Rural Households 2,000,000 80.0 4,300,000 60.9 South Korea 577,000 65.0 1,646,000 76.0 Taiwan 278,307 48.0 432,000 62.5 China 64,000,000 50.0 210,000,000 80.0 Vietnam 11,000,000 90.0 --- 75.0 All India 9,850,000 5.4 12,400,000 5.3 - West Bengal 1,040,000 Philippines 7,328,453 a/ 14.9 2,540,000 58.9 5,250,822 b/ 34.0 c/ 42.3 d/ Data for other Asian countries are from Alden-Wily, et. al. (2008), as drawn from several sources. Notes: (a) Total area of private and public A&D lands distributed under CARP as covered by EPs/CLOAs and land patents. (b) Computed based on data from FAOSTAT, using 2014 estimates of the total agricultural area in the Philippines. (c) Number of beneficiary-households under CARP awarded with ownership tenure instruments (EPs/CLOAs and land patents). (d) Computed based on a total of 12.4M rural households in the Philippines, using data from the 2015 Household Census. Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC) 25