3 compliance, and ensuring CIEL’s work adheres to high standards of ethics and professionalism. Q5: A5: In November 2017, CIEL published “Smoke and Fumes: The Legal and Evidentiary Basis for Holding Big Oil Accountable for Climate Crisis” (hereinafter, “Smoke and Fumes”; Petitioners’ Exhibit “K”), what is your involvement in this research effort, if any? I conceived the project that ultimately became Smoke & Fumes and have served as the lead researcher and editor on the project since its inception. I am a co-author of the CIEL website SmokeandFumes.org, the report Smoke and Fumes: The Legal and Evidentiary Basis for Holding Oil Companies Accountable for the Climate Crisis, and most recently A Crack in the Shell. Q6: A6: Briefly, what is this Smoke and Fumes research all about? CIEL’s Smoke and Fumes project examines the deep history of oil industry awareness of and responses to climate change with specific attention to industry notice or knowledge of climate risks, and how industry responses comported with applicable standards of legal and ethical responsibility. Q7: A7: What are the key findings in this Smoke and Fumes research? On the basis of the evidence compiled and analysis undertaken through Smoke and Fumes, CIEL reached the following key conclusions with regard to the notice, awareness, opportunity to act, and documented conduct of leading investor-owned oil companies with regard to climate science and climate risks. These conclusions are drawn verbatim from our Synthesis report. • Theories regarding the potential link between fossil fuel combustion and atmospheric temperature increase were widely reported in scientific literature and academic texts relevant to the oil industry from the early decades of the twentieth century. • The oil industry had incentives, opportunity, and relevant expertise to investigate and understand climate science. • Documentary evidence demonstrates the oil industry was on notice of potential climate risks by 1957-1958. • Humble Oil, at the time a wholly-owned subsidiary of Esso (now ExxonMobil), published research acknowledging the link between fossil fuels and atmospheric CO2 in 1957. • Industry records document that industry research into air pollution issues was highly coordinated and shared widely within the industry, and included research into fossil carbon in the atmosphere by no later than 1958. • Industry records and other sources indicate that this coordinated industry research program was used to mobilize public opposition to the regulation of air pollutants by sowing doubt regarding air pollution science.