agenda for the Fourth Legislature of the National Assembly (2008-2013). It aims to improve agricultural productivity and diversification, land reform and de-mining, fishery reform and forestry reform. The strategy aims to promote an equitable and efficient system of land management, distribution and utilization. It also undertakes to provide support for land registration and distribution, land tenure security, eradication of illegal settlements and land grabbing. Royal Government of Cambodia’s National Forestry Policy. This document is not so much a policy but “Royal Government on National Forest Policy Statement.” Cambodia still needs to develop a comprehensive forestry policy. National Strategic Development Plan update 2009-2013. According to this policy document, the RGC will “continue to resolve land conflicts by using legal mechanisms to ensure justice coupled with the out-of-court conflict settlement mechanism.” Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010. This document has identified the following seven strategic objectives for the agriculture, fisheries and forestry sectors: • Food security, productivity, diversification; • Improve and strengthen agricultural research and extension systems; • Market access for agricultural products; • Institutional and legislative development framework; • Land reform - land market development and pro-poor land access; • Fisheries reform - sustainable access; • Forestry reform - promote sustainable conservation and management of forests, ensure better management of natural protected areas. Effectiveness of laws, policies, structures and mechanisms Lack of implementation of laws and policies re IP land rights. There seems to be a near universal consensus among domestic and international CSOs, as well as UN agencies, that the laws governing land rights and other customary rights of IPs in Cambodia are very credible and well thought out on paper. Technically, there are few serious criticisms one can make about the relevant laws. The key problem, which has been repeated time and again by most of the stakeholders is a near complete lack of implementation of the legal and policy framework related to IPs’ land rights in Cambodia. The Land Law 2001 recognizes the communal dimension of property rights of IPs, which is a very welcome step. However, since 2001 when the law was passed, only eight IP communities have been awarded collective land titles. More often than not, the authorities disregard the right of indigenous communities, refuse to recognize them as legal entities, and fail to implement measures to protect the land from encroachment by companies before a demarcation and determination of land has been completed (ADHOC, 2013). Often communities report intimidation and threats from the authorities that pressure the community members to settle for individual, as opposed to community, land titles. The land alienation of IPs was further increased by the launch of Directive 01BB, which lacked clarity from the start and was made even more complicated by numerous policy changes. Bottom up approach to CLT. Officially the Land Law of 2001 provides for two ways in which communities can acquire a communal land title, that is a top-down approach (whereby the state Lok Niti 29