warming at the poles. He concludes that, “[in] summary, the results of our research are in accord with the scientific consensus on the effect on increased atmospheric CO2 on climate.”68 Later that year, on November 12, 1982, Exxon circulated a 43-page climate change primer to several members of Exxon management to “familiarize Exxon personnel with the subject.”69 By this point, Exxon was fully aware and internally acknowledging that climate change was real, caused by burning fossil fuels, and would have significant impacts on the environment and human health and wellbeing. By the Late 1980s, Climate Change Projections Were Being Used in Business and Operational Planning Internal documents uncovered by the L.A. Times and the Columbia School of Journalism demonstrate that by the mid-1980s, Exxon was incorporating climate change projections into its Arctic operations planning while discounting the risks when communicating with the public.70 In 1986, a team of researchers led by Ken Croasdale of Imperial oil – an Exxon subsidiary – was “trying to determine how global warming could affect Exxon’s Arctic operations and its bottom line.” In 1991, Croasdale reported to an engineering conference that “[c]ertainly any major development with a life span of say 30-40 years will need to assess the impacts of potential global warming,” and that “[t]his is particularly true of Arctic and offshore projects in Canada, where warming will clearly affect sea ice, icebergs, permafrost, and sea levels.”71 “[c]ertainly any major development with a life span of say 30-40 years will need to assess the impacts of potential global warming,” and that “[t]his is particularly true of Arctic and offshore projects in Canada, where warming will clearly affect sea ice, icebergs, permafrost, and sea levels.” Similarly, in 1989, Shell Oil announced that it was redesigning a $3 billion natural gas platform it had been designing for use in the North Sea.72 The original design had the platform sitting 30 meters above the ocean’s surface, but the redesign would raise the platform by one to two meters to account for rising sea levels as a result of global warming.73 By the early 1990s, we know that not only was the entire petroleum industry on notice of climate change, but internal documents from the largest oil company had confirmed and reaffirmed the reality of the problem. Moreover, at least two of the largest oil companies were actively incorporating expected changes into their engineering projects. 68 Id. See Memorandum from M. B. Glaser, Manager, Environmental Affairs Programs, Exxon (Nov. 12, 1982) (on file with InsideClimate News), available at https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/documents/1982%20Exxon%20Primer%20on%20CO2%20Greenho use%20Effect.pdf. 70 See Sara Jerving, Katie Jennings, Masako Melissa Hirsch, & Susanne Rust, How Exxon Went From leader to Skeptic on Climate Change Research, L.A. TIMES (Oct. 9, 2015), http://graphics.latimes.com/exxon-arctic/. 71 Id. 72 See Amy Lieberman & Suzanne Rust, Big Oil Braced for Global Warming While it Fought Regulations, L.A. TIMES (Dec. 31, 2015), http://graphics.latimes.com/oil-operations/. 73 Id. 69 12