SMOKE AND FUMES 84 See ELMER ROBINSON & R. C. ROBBINS, SOURCES, ABUNDANCE, AND FATE OF GASEOUS ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS: FINAL REPORT (1968), available at https://www.osti.gov/ scitech/biblio/6852325. 85 See H. H. Meredith, Platitudes or Performance?, 16 J. OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASS’N 547, 549 (1966), available at http://www. tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00022470.1 966.10468517?needAccess=true. 86 See ROBINSON & ROBBINS, supra note 84. 87 See id. at 108. 88 Id. at 112. 89 See id. at 109. 90 Id. 91 Id. (emphasis added). 92 See ELMER ROBINSON & R. C. ROBBINS, SOURCES, ABUNDANCE, AND FATE OF GASEOUS ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS: SUPPLEMENT (1969), available at https://www.osti.gov/ scitech/biblio/6852325. 93 Global Mean CO2 Mixing Ratios (ppm): Observations, NASA, https://data.giss.nasa. gov/modelforce/ghgases/Fig1A.ext.txt (last visited Oct. 27, 2017) (reporting that atmospheric CO2 reached 370 ppm exactly in the year 2000). 94 See Michael Carlowicz, Global Temperatures, NASA EARTH OBSERVATORY, https:// earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/ WorldOfChange/decadaltemp.php (last visited Nov. 6, 2017). 95 Relative to 1965 levels. 96 See ROBINSON & ROBBINS, supra note 92, at 23. 97 Id. 98 Id. at 24. 99 Id. at 25. 100 Id. 101 Id. at 24. 102 See Environmental Research: A Status Report (Jan. 1972) (staff paper prepared for the American Petroleum Institute), available at http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED066339.pdf. 103 See id. at 103. 104 See ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION: THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRIES / VOLUME 2, NATIONAL PETROLEUM COUNCIL 7 (1972), available at http://www.npc.org/reports/1972Environmental_Conservation-Oil_and_Gas_ Industries-Vol_II.pdf. 105 See NATIONAL PETROLEUM COUNCIL, http:// www.npc.org/ (last visited Nov. 1, 2017). 106 See ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, supra note 104. 107 See id. at 7. 108 Id. at 11. 109 See AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, AIR CONSERVATION 78-82 (1965). 110 See Memorandum from James F. Black, Scientific Advisor, Exxon Products Research Division, to F. G. Turpin, Vice President, Exxon research and Engineering Co. (Jun. 6, 1978) (on file with InsideClimate News) [hereinafter Black Memorandum], available at https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/ files/documents/James%20Black%201977%20 Presentation.pdf. 111 See Memorandum from Henry Shaw to John W. Harrison, regarding “Environmental Effects 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 of Carbon Dioxide” 3 (Oct. 31, 1977) (on file with InsideClimate News), available at https:// insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/ documents/Government%20Meeting%20 Memo%20%281977%29.pdf. See Memorandum from James F. Black, supra note 110, at 1. See id. at 2. See Memorandum from Henry Shaw to T. K. Kett on “Exxon Research & Engineering Company Technological Forecast: CO2 Greenhouse Effect” 2 (Dec. 18, 1980) (on file with InsideClimate News), available at https:// insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/ documents/Technological%20Forecast%20 on%20CO2%20Greenhouse%20Effect%20 1980.pdf. Id. See Letter to API Climate Task Force on “The CO2 problem; Addressing Research Agenda Development” (Mar. 18, 1980) (on file with Climate Files), available at http://www. climatefiles.com/exxonmobil/1980-api-climatetask-force-co2-problem/. See Brendan DeMelle & Kevin Grandia, “There is no doubt”: Exxon Knew CO2 Pollution Was A Global Threat By Late 1970s, DESMOG BLOG (Apr. 26, 2016, 9:19 AM), http://www. desmogblog.com/2016/04/26/there-no-doubtexxon-knew-co2-pollution-was-global-threatlate-1970s. Memorandum from Henry Shaw, Exxon, to Dr. E. E. David, Jr., Exxon (May 15, 1981) (on file with InsideClimate News), available at https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/ files/documents/Exxon%20Position%20 on%20CO2%20%281981%29.pdf. Memorandum from Roger W. Cohen, Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Laboratory, Exxon, to A. M. Natkin, Office of Science and Technology, Exxon (Sept. 2, 1982) (on file with InsideClimate News), available at https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/ files/documents/%2522Consensus%2522%20 on%20CO2%20Impacts%20%281982%29. pdf. See id. Id. See Memorandum from M. B. Glaser, Manager, Environmental Affairs Programs, Exxon (Nov. 12, 1982) (on file with InsideClimate News), available at https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/ default/files/documents/1982%20Exxon%20 Primer%20on%20CO2%20Greenhouse%20 Effect.pdf. See Sara Jerving, Katie Jennings, Masako Melissa Hirsch, & Susanne Rust, How Exxon Went From Leader to Skeptic on Climate Change Research, L.A. TIMES (Oct. 9, 2015), http:// graphics.latimes.com/exxon-arctic/. Id. Damian Carrington & Jelmer Mommers, ‘Shell Knew’: Oil Giant’s 1991 Film Warned of Climate Change Danger, THE GUARDIAN (Feb. 28, 2017), https://www.theguardian.com/ environment/2017/feb/28/shell-knew-oilgiants-1991-film-warned-climate-changedanger. See Amy Lieberman & Suzanne Rust, Big Oil Braced for Global Warming While it Fought Regulations, L.A. TIMES (Dec. 31, 2015), http://graphics.latimes.com/oil-operations/. See id. 33 128 See Die geheimen Machenschaften der Ölindustrie (The Secret Machinations of the Oil Industry), Westdeutscher Rundfunk (2017). 129 See Jerving et al, supra note 123. 130 Id. 131 Jeremy Leggett, The Carbon War (1999) (attributing the following statement to Exxon scientist Brian Flannery during the final drafting session for the IPCC’s Scientific Assessment Report: “The range of model results isn’t any better justified than it was ten years ago. The range is quite scientifically uncertain. This should be stated as such in the executive summary.”) 132 See KATHY MULVEY & SETH SHULMAN, UNION OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS, THE CLIMATE DECEPTION DOSSIERS: INTERNAL FOSSIL FUEL INDUSTRY MEMOS REVEAL DECADES OF CORPORATE DISINFORMATION 34 (2015), available at http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/ default/files/attach/2015/07/The-ClimateDeception-Dossiers.pdf. 133 Andrew Revkin, Industry Ignored its Scientists on Climate, N.Y. TIMES (April 23, 2009) http:// www.nytimes.com/2009/04/24/science/ earth/24deny.html. 134 See id. 135 Id. 136 See NAOMI ORESKES & ERIK M. CONWAY, MERCHANTS OF DOUBT 205-09 (2010). 137 See id. at 207. 138 See id. For a longer, contemporary discussion of these events, see WILLIAM K. STEVENS, THE CHANGE IN THE WEATHER: PEOPLE, WEATHER, AND THE SCIENCE OF CLIMATE 129-31 (1999). 139 See Suzanne Goldenberg, The Inside Story on Climate Scientists Under Siege, THE GUARDIAN (Feb. 17, 2012, 7:28 PM), https://www. theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/17/ michael-mann-climate-war. 140 Global Climate Science Communications Action Plan (1998), available at https:// insideclimatenews.org/documents/globalclimate-science-communications-plan-1998. First published in UNION OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS, SMOKE, MIRRORS & HOT AIR 37 (2007), available at http://www.ucsusa.org/ sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/ global_warming/exxon_report.pdf. 141 Id. 142 EXXONMOBIL, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: THE OP-ED SERIES (2000), available at https:// www.documentcloud.org/ documents/2805611-2000-Oped-SeriesGlobal-Climate-Change-Exxon. html#document/p5. 143 Id. 144 See Kert Davies, Willie Soon Scandal: Corporate Funding Year By Year, Climate Investigations Center (Feb. 27, 2015), http:// climateinvestigations.org/willie-soon-scandalcorporate-funding-year-by-year/. See also Mulvey & Shulman, supra note 132, at 14. 145 See id. 146 See id. 147 Id. 148 Id. at 39. 149 Id. 150 For a more extensive discussion of climate denial by the U.S. coal industry, see ORESKES & CONWAY, supra note 136, at 169-215.