10 C E N T E R F O R I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N V I R O N M E N TA L L AW In 1965, the Smoke and Fumes Committee merged with other API committees and working groups to form the Committee for Air and Water Conservation (CAWC) of the American Petroleum Institute.68 The CAWC consisted of “representatives from 20 API member companies,” while “major oil industry associations also send liaison representatives to CAWC meetings.”69 “The oil industry is several years ahead of the other American industries in applying meteorology and oceanography.” — A.H. GLENN, 1951 The Industry Undertook Coordinated Research into Many Subjects Relevant to the Causes and Impacts of Climate Change When the major petroleum companies began expanding their operations offshore into the Gulf of Mexico in the 1940s, they realized that hurricanes posed a significant challenge to the safe and reliable operation of offshore oil rigs. In 1947, Humble Oil (now ExxonMobil) contracted with A.H. Glenn, a meteorological consultant, to develop wave and weather forecasting techniques.70 In a paper from 1951, EXHIBIT 1 Excerpt from 1954 Report for Smoke & Fumes Committee Glenn notes that “the oil industry is several years ahead of the other American industries in applying meteorology and oceanography.”71 He further comments that even the government’s own services in the space are too broad for industry needs and typically trail industry’s own science by years.72 In 1956, API initiated a research program that would last until 1962 to investigate the causes of, and conditions preceding, hurricane formation.73 Mercer Parks, the chairman of the program from Humble Oil, wrote a retrospective account of the project in 1963 where he outlined the advances made in the ability to predict hurricane formation based on current weather conditions.74 Another paper by M.M. Patterson, of Shell Development Company, describes a then-ongoing eighteen-month project to collect ocean data from newly installed Shell oil platforms “for the development and calibration of environmental forecasting theories.”75 This joint project included participation from several major petroleum companies, including Shell Development Company, Esso Production Research Company (now ExxonMobil), Mobil Research and Development Company (now ExxonMobil), Pan American Petroleum Corporation (now BP), Gulf Oil Corporation, Texaco Inc., the CAGC Marine Region, and Chevron Oil Field Research Company.76 In addition to their research into hurricane formation, many of the major oil companies conducted research into paleoclimates and historical sea levels, to better predict where reserves of offshore oil may be found. Research into the historical temperature record was sponsored by API in 1950,77 and radiocarbon dating was being done at Humble Oil laboratories by 1957.78 This research was undertaken against a backdrop of modest but growing awareness of the relationship between climate change and extreme weather events. In 1956, the Madera Daily News ran an article, “Carbon Dioxide May Contribute to Hurricanes,” which