primary education in the Philippines are high, completion rates are low, and as many as 2.85 million children aged 5-15 remained out of school in 2015-2016, many from segments of the population living below the poverty line.105 The role of climate change in exacerbating inequities is only likely to heighten the barriers that these children face. For those in school, low student performance persists, a problem that has been linked to both school-related expenditures and an increasing number of students seeking employment in order to augment family income.106 These factors are also likely to contribute to low enrolment rates and particularly poor educational outcomes at secondary level, particularly among boys, who make up the majority of children engaged in child labour (see section 4.5). It is likely that the significant additional pressure placed on households by climate-related events and stress plays a role in preventing children from enjoying their right to education. Climate-related pressures on household incomes can also contribute to a decision to migrate by one or both parents, leading to negative effects on the overall wellbeing, and notably the educational outcomes, of children left behind.107 In particular, the absence of mothers has been associated with a negative effect on children’s educational performance. 108 This is a particularly pertinent issue in the Philippines, where approximately 10 per cent of the country’s workforce is employed abroad.109 The majority of these migrants are women, and many have children that are not permitted to accompany them. Research suggests that Filipino children are up to 5 per cent more likely to experience educational impairments when their mothers migrate abroad than if their fathers move, and that boys are significantly more affected than girls.110 4.4 Right to an Adequate Standard of Living Children’s right to an adequate standard of living is inextricably linked to their access to safe housing. Increasingly severe and frequent flashfloods and landslides, intense storms, and exposure to sea level rise and storm surges, particularly in low-lying coastal areas and along river lines, undermines this right, with disproportionate impacts on the poor and those living in informal settlements. Since 2008, an average of 3.7 million disaster-induced displacements have been recorded in the Philippines each year, of which 84 per cent are attributed to typhoons and storm surges, floods and the strong winds that usually accompany them.111 Typhoon Haiyan represented the single largest event, partially or completely destroying more than 1.1 million homes.112 Some four million people were displaced when the storm hit, including 1.7 million children, and six months later, more than two million people still lacked adequate shelter or durable housing, including over 26,000 people living in temporary shelters. 113 As of end 2016, approximately 880,000 people were still without permanent housing, with thousands returning to establish makeshift homes in highly-exposed coastal slums, including precarious ‘no-dwelling zones’.114 Children living in these circumstances face particularly acute threats to their rights, including severe impacts on their health and education, and increased risk of violence, exploitation and abuse, particularly when they have been separated from their families and support networks.115 In addition to climate-related disasters, slow-onset processes will also have significant impacts. In the future, sea level rise in the Philippines is projected to exceed the global average by between 10 to 20 per cent,116 and to lead to almost 1 million people being affected by flooding between 2070 and 2100 in the absence of considerable mitigation and adaptation action.117 Ultimately, estimates suggest that 13.6 million people could be forced to relocate altogether.118 Furthermore, while an estimated 385,000 Filipinos are currently affected by inland river flooding each year, an additional 187,300 Filipinos are expected to be at risk as a result of climate change by 2030,119 with associated heightened challenges