51 08 32 40 Number of evicted families 263 1,281 1,544 Number of families threatened to eviction 1,163 13,465 14,628 Land grabbed (in hectares) 3,083 5,305 8,388 Land under grabbing/acquisition (in hectares) 3,384 5,223 8,607 Number of victims facing false cases 89 682 771 Number of arrested victims 10 29 39 Source: Kapaeeng Foundation’s Human Rights Reports on Indigenous People in Bangladesh ANALYSIS OF LAND CONFLICTS Drivers of conflict Table 4. Current drivers of land conflicts Drivers/causes Socio-economic and demographic causes Examples n n n n n n n n n Legal & judicial causes n n n n n n n n n n n n n Administrative causes n n n n Patriarchal society and discrimination of the women Unsettled vested property, abandoned property and khas land Evolution of land markets Increasing land prices Poverty and poverty-related marginalization/exclusion Extremely unequal distribution of power and resources (including land) Strong population growth and rural exodus New and returning refugees Development projects undertaken without consent (FPIC) from locals/IPs, for establishing tea gardens and Eco Parks/social forestry, etc. Unfavorable laws and policies Outdated laws and policies Non-implementation of policies Legislative loopholes Contradictory legislation Discriminatory State policies and inheritance laws Legal pluralism Customary land law without written records Formal law which is not sufficiently known to all Limited/no access to law enforcement and jurisdiction by the poor/disadvantaged Insufficient implementation of legislation Ignorance about mutation and laws Insufficient or absence of land conflict resolution mechanisms Corruption in land administration, which ranks among the top three institutions with worst rates of bribery (71.2 percent) Insufficient control over State land Lack of co-ordination within and between different government agencies as well as between public and private sector Lack of responsibility/accountability/transparency Bangladesh Land Conflict Monitoring Report Number of rape attempt/molestation against women