The CBFM program mandates DENR in coordination with local government units and the DILG to grant participating communities with access to forestland resources under long term tenurial agreements, provided they employ environment-friendly, ecologically-sustainable, and labor-intensive harvesting methods. CARP in public lands Tenure reform in public lands. For CARP implementation, DENR covers all public lands devoted to, or suitable for agriculture. The CARP Law states that ancestral lands being inhabited by indigenous cultural communities are protected and reserved for their use, and therefore would not fall under redistribution. Exempted from CARP are lands with a slope of more than 18 percent, and reserved lands such as national parks, forest reserves, fish sanctuaries and watersheds. Also exempted are lands used in the national/public interest such as for national defense and education and experimental farms, church and mosque sites, cemeteries and the like. In addition to the disposition of public agricultural lands, the DENR is also mandated to undertake two other tasks: (1) support for the land acquisition and distribution by conducting surveys of public A&D lands and the verification and approval of surveys for the DAR; and, (2) provision of technical and operational support to the program (e.g., PO strengthening, agro-forestry support, income generating projects, forest area development and management, infrastructure support, and marketing information). There are two modalities for the distribution of land under DENR: First, public A&D lands suitable for agriculture are distributed to farmer beneficiaries through the processing and issuance of free patents and homestead patents. A free patent is a mode of acquiring a parcel of public A&D land suitable for agricultural purposes through the “administrative confirmation of imperfect and incomplete title,” while homestead patent is a mode of acquiring public A&D lands for agricultural purposes “conditioned upon actual cultivation and residence.”17 The qualifications for applying for free and homestead patents are enumerated in Table 10. Other types of patents issued by DENR to dispose of public lands are Miscellaneous Sales, for disposing public A&D lands for residential purposes and Sales Patents, for disposing public A&D lands at public auction through sealed bidding. 17 66 Status of Land and Resource Tenure Reform in the Philippines 2018