The overall potential impact of asset reforms In the past 30 years, the combined area covered by asset reforms has been significant. Asset reforms in the Philippines have brought about the transfer of ownership rights covering a total area of 12.74 million hectares (including ancestral waters). This is equivalent to 42.5 percent of the land area of the entire country. This is supposed to have directly benefitted an estimated 5.5 million poor rural households, equivalent to 23.9 percent of all current households, based on the 2015 Census of Population. Moreover, non-redistributive tenure reforms have reportedly been implemented on a considerable scale, improving land tenure security for 1.2 million tenant families in 1.8 million hectares of private agricultural lands, and for 338 thousand families in public forest lands. Yet as the studies show, the quality of implementation of asset reforms has been questionable at best, and uneven across the different sectors. Under CARP, many ARBs are still unable to enjoy the full benefits of property rights or security of tenure despite being issued their EPs and CLOAs. Support services to small farmers have been inadequate and irregular, and many large private lands under compulsory acquisition remain undistributed. Meanwhile, there has been no serious implementation of the leasehold program in the past three decades. And in the issuance of patents over public A&D lands, recipients received little or no additional support services for lands they had previously tilled for 30 years or more. Under IPRA, several IP/ICCs have been given legal recognition of their collective rights to ancestral domains through the issuance of CADCs/CADTs, and yet for many IP communities, little has changed in terms of their actual exercise of traditional rights to land. Different government agencies continue to issue titles, leases, and other tenure instruments within CADCs/CADTs, while government projects, private investments, migrants and other groups continue to intrude into ancestral domain lands. Meanwhile, little has changed for small municipal fisherfolk in terms of fishing rights and tenure reforms. Large commercial fishing continues to intrude into municipal waters, and municipal fishers continue to lose out to private businesses and political interests in the allocation of rights to foreshore and coastal areas. 36 Status of Land and Resource Tenure Reform in the Philippines 2018