Critically, it is not enough to simply focus on ensuring that climate actions respect human rights. A rights-based approach requires States to take affirmative actions to respect, protect, promote and fulfil all human rights for all persons. Failure to prevent foreseeable human rights harms caused by climate change, or at the very least to mobilize maximum available resources in an effort to do so, constitutes a breach of this obligation. Human rights obligations apply to the goals and commitments of States in the area of climate change and require that climate actions should focus on protecting the rights of all those vulnerable to climate change starting with those most affected. Human rights principles articulated in the Declaration on the Right to Development and other instruments call for such climate action to be both individual and collective and for it to benefit all persons, particularly the most marginalized. The UNFCCC further elaborates upon the need for equitable climate action calling for States to address climate change in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in order to benefit present and future generations. State commitments therefore require international cooperation, including financial, technological and capacity-building support, to realise low-carbon, climate-resilient, and sustainable development, while also rapidly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Only by integrating human rights in climate actions and policies, and empowering people to participate in policy formulation, can States promote sustainability and ensure the accountability of all duty-bearers for their actions. This, in turn, will promote consistency, policy coherence and the enjoyment of all human rights. What actions have been taken by international human rights mechanisms so far? Since 2008, the Human Rights Council and its Special Procedures Mechanisms have been actively involved in addressing the human rights impacts of climate change. The Council has held two panel discussions on human rights and climate change, which was also the theme of the 2010 Social Forum12. The following resolutions on human rights and climate change have been issued to date:  Resolution 7/23 (March 2008): The Council expressed concern that climate change “poses an immediate and far-reaching threat to people and communities around the world” and requested OHCHR to prepare a study on the relationship between climate change and human rights (A/HRC/10/61).  Resolution 10/4 (March 2009): The Council noted that “climate change-related impacts have a range of implications, both direct and indirect, for the effective enjoyment of human rights …” and that such effects “will be felt most acutely by those segments of the population who are already in a vulnerable situation …”  Resolution 18/22 (September 2011): The Council affirmed that human rights obligations, standards, and principles have the potential to inform and strengthen international and national policy-making in the area of climate change, promoting policy coherence, legitimacy, and sustainable outcomes. They called for a seminar to address the adverse impacts of climate change on the full enjoyment of human rights and a summary report of the seminar (A/HRC/20/7).  Resolution 26/27 (July 2014): The Council emphasized the need for all States to enhance international dialogue and cooperation to address the adverse impacts of climate change on the enjoyment of human rights including the right to development. It called for dialogue, capacitybuilding, mobilization of financial resources, technology transfer, and other forms of cooperation to 12 The report of the 2010 Social Forum is contained in A/HRC/16/62. Page 10 of 28