person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized.”108 The Declaration also recognized that the right of peoples to self-determination includes “the exercise of their inalienable right to full sovereignty over all their natural wealth and resources.”109 The impacts of climate change will make it considerably more difficult for governments and people to pursue forms of development in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized. They will interfere with key economic sectors and government services, including energy, water services, transport, agriculture and livestock, forestry, fisheries, and tourism, and degrade the natural resource base that many people depend on for their lives and livelihoods. Access to food, water, and housing will all be impaired. And countries will not enjoy full sovereignty over the management of their natural resources, insofar as these resources will be impaired by climate change. Climate change thus poses a serious barrier to sustainable development, particularly in countries like the Philippines that will experience the brunt of its negative impacts. 110 The costs of climate change impacts will be enormous in the Philippines, both in terms of monetary damages and damages to human lives and livelihoods. The Philippines has already suffered major economic losses as a result of severe typhoons over the past decade (e.g., Typhoon Haiyan caused approximately $2 billion in damages). 111 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that, under a business-as-usual emissions trajectory, the Philippines will suffer a mean loss of 2.2% of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2100 when market impacts only (mainly related to agriculture and coastal zones) are considered, a 5.7% loss if non-market impacts (mainly related to health and ecosystems) are included, and a 6.7% loss if catastrophic risks are considered. 112 VII. Right to Equality and Non-Discrimination The UDHR recognizes that “[a]ll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” and that “[e]veryone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration without distinction of any kind.”113 The ICCPR and ICESCR similarly recognize that the rights enumerated therein must be exercised and protected without discrimination of any kind. 114 Recognizing that certain groups are more likely to endure violations of their human rights (e.g., women, children, and indigenous peoples), the UN has established more detailed frameworks for the protection of these groups – specifically: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Woman (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 108 G.A. Res. 41/128, Declaration on the Right to Development, Art. 1(1) (Dec. 4, 1986). Id. Art. 1(2). 110 Press Release, World Bank, Philippines: Climate Change a Fundamental Threat to Development (May 23, 2014), http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/05/23/climate-change-a-fundamental-threat-to-developmentworld-bank. 111 PHILIPPINES NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, FINAL REPORT ON EFFECTS OF TYPHOON “YOLANDA” (HAIYAN) (2014). 112 ADB, supra note 96, at 82. 113 UDHR, supra note 65, Arts. 1 and 2. 114 ICESCR, supra note 72, Art 2(2); ICCPR, supra note 65, Art. 2(1). 109 27