other countries will almost certainly experience further decreases in dry season rainfall and increases in drought conditions.83 IV. Right to Food The right to adequate food is enshrined in both the UDHR and the ICESCR. 84 Drawing on expert reports, OHCHR has recognized that climate change is adversely affecting food production in many parts of the world. 85 According to the IPCC, changes in temperature and precipitation have negatively affected terrestrial crop production (wheat and maize) 86 as well as fishery productivity (as fish migrate to cooler and deeper waters in response to warming ocean temperatures).87 These impacts will become more widespread and severe in the coming years. 88 Even in the near term, the impacts on global food security could be devastating—for example, 10% of the projected impacts on food security under a 2C warming scenario showed yield losses of more than 25% for the period 2030-2049. 89 Greater losses are expected after 2050.90 The food security risk will be greatest in low-latitude countries, where there is high confidence that crop production will be “consistently and negatively” affected by climate change in a 2C warming scenario (and fishery production will also decline). 91 Scientists have found that agriculture in the Philippines could be “severely affected by temperature changes coupled with changes in rain regimes and patterns.” 92 Historically, crop yields in the Philippines have declined whenever temperatures have exceeded certain threshold values, which have been and will be increasingly exceeded as a result of climate change. 93 Drier conditions during the dry seasons have also led to declines in crop yields over the past few decades.94 Going forward, the effect of rising temperatures and decreased rainfall on crop production could be devastating: one study found that 2 degrees Celsius of warming would reduce rice yield in the Philippines by 22%;95 another study found that climate change may reduce rice yield in the Philippines by up to 75% in 2100 as compared with 1990 levels. 96 Climate change may also affect food production in the Philippines through increases in the 83 PAGASA (2011), supra note 78. UDHR, supra note 65, Art. 25; ICESCR, supra note 72, Art. 11. 85 U.N. HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER, THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD, FACT SHEET NO. 34, 22 (2010). 86 IPCC WGII, supra note 75, at 491. 87 Id. at 493. 88 Id. at 488. 89 Id. at 504. 90 Id. at 488, 504. 91 Id. 92 PAGASA, supra note 78, at 50. 93 Id. 94 Warren, supra note 79; IFRC, supra note 82. 95 C.R. Escaño & L. V. Buendia, Climate Impact Assessment for Agriculture in the Philippines: Simulation of Rice Yield Under Climate Change Scenarios, in IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURE: CROP MODELING STUDIES (U.S. EPA 1994). 96 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (ADB), THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: A REGIONAL REVIEW (2009). 84 25