Firstly, given that families are often the principal operators of child pornography, gathering testimonies and witnesses is difficult, because children refuse to testify against their parents. Furthermore, in the Philippines, child pornography is an open secret that benefits various members of the community. From remittance centres to tricycle drivers who collect money for operators, an entire chain of potentially liable individuals and companies claim ignorance whilst benefiting from this exploitation. For many families, child pornography is simply an extension of the ways in which they struggle to survive... When it comes to prosecuting cases of child cyber pornography, there is an uncertainty around intermediary liability given that there are many actors involved. Internet platforms where child sex performances take place may not have adequate monitoring systems. They either refuse to divulge information under their privacy policies, or store data for only a limited period of time to be useful for retrospective investigations. Furthermore, given that families, money transfer agencies, and several other individuals and companies are all involved, law enforcers may be uncertain about who to prosecute. Because perpetrators are located in different countries, their anonymity complicates police investigations. The police themselves have insufficient training on cybercrimes to take cases forward. Recently, however, the US Department of Homeland Security pledged its assistance to the fight against child cyber pornography in the Philippines, which will make it easier to charge and arrest perpetrators in various countries in the future. One of the most significant barriers to accessing justice and curbing the problem is that operators are always one step ahead of law enforcement agencies when it comes to technology. Even if arrests are made and operators are jailed, new operators very quickly replace them. By coordinating through mobile phones, child pornography dens are able to quickly shift location. Moreover, with increasing numbers of people having access to personal laptops, performances can take place in hotel rooms and other private locations that are difficult to trace. In Cordova, it used to be easy to pinpoint who in the community have internet connections because there were antennas protruding from rooftops. Local authorities are said to have used them as leads in hunting down those engaged in cyber-pornography. Because of this, operators resorted to the use of broadband, which are indoors and difficult to detect from the outside. 32 <End Violence: Women’s Rights and Safety Online>