25 eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.”104 This definition was derived from the observations of the scientific community through their research. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which the Philippines signed on 12 June 1992 and ratified on 2 August 1994, has adopted a more nuanced definition, emphasizing the influence of human activities. It defines climate change as “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.”105 Philippine statutes have adopted a definition that reflects the one provided by the IPCC. These statutes define climate change as “a change in climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.”106 The reports of the IPCC provide unequivocal evidence of global warming. The particular indicators are changes in the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, and frequency of extreme weather and climate events. Over the past several decades, these changes have been at levels unseen in centuries to millennia, and are changing at rates unprecedented in the last 2000 years.107 104 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013: Annex III: Glossary [Planton, S. (ed.)]. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, at 1450. 105 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Chapter XXVII, art. 1, ¶ 2, adopted May 9, 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107, available at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1994/03/19940321%20 04-56%20AM/Ch_XXVII_07p.pdf. 106 An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into Government Policy Formulations, Establishing the Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change, Creating for this Purpose the Climate Change Commission, and for other Purposes [Climate Change Act of 2009], Republic Act No. 9729, § 3 (d) (2009); An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, Providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and Institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for other Purposes [Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010], Republic Act No. 10121, § 3 (d) (2010); An Act Establishing the People’s Survival Fund to Provide Long-term Finance Streams to Enable the Government to Effectively Address the Problem of Climate Change, amending for the Purposes Republic Act No. 9729, otherwise known as the “Climate Change Act of 2009”, and for other Purposes, Republic Act No. 10174, § 2 (2011). 107 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [MassonDelmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press [hereinafter IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM].