ELECTRIC VEHICLES 317 It is regrettable that the American public is largely unaware of the substantial progress that has already been accomplished toward elimination of objectionable emissions from today's automobiles and the further progress that is already within sight. We feel it is important that this progress receive full recognition. Because of the role of certain hydrocarbons in the formation of the Los Angeles type of smog, the initial efforts to control automotive emissions concentrated on hydrocarbons. With the positive crankcase ventilation device, installed nationally by the automobile industry beginning with the 1963 model year, hydrocarbon emissions from the typical car were reduced by about 24 percent, from approximately 1.5 pounds of hydrocarbons per day down to 1.1 pounds per day. And this significant reduction was achieved with very little fanfare. The addition of exhaust controls of the type required in California on 1966 models reduced hydrocarbon emissions from a typical car by another 42 percent, down t6 0.5 pound per day, for an overall reduction of 66 percent from the pre-1963 level. Under Federal standards, the same degree of control will be required nationally on all 1968 model cars. Carbon monoxide emissions are also being controlled. Under Federal regulations, carbon monoxide emissions from the typical 1968 model car will be reduced by about two-thirds from those of previous uncontrolled models. The progress made, to date has been excellent. It is a credit to the automotive industry and evidence of its skill in solving difficult technical problems. We feel certain that these efforts will result in an internal-combustion engine that is completely satisfactory from an air conservation standpoint. There are a number of indications that progress will continue to be made toward this objective. From discussions with representatives of automotive companies, and from their presentations to your committees, we know that these companies are hard at work on new and better ways to control emissions from today's cars. We know, too, that they will not be satisfied until the problem has been solved-without sacrificing automotive performance, comfort, economy, and reliability. Nor is the automotive industry alone in its search for solutions to the problem. A number of petroleum companies are conducting research on ways to reduce automotive emissions. This research has had encouraging results. For example, it now appears technically possible to eliminate almost all evaporative losses of hydrocarbons from the carburetor and fuel systems. This would bring the total hydrocarbon losses from our typical controlled car down to 0.25 pound per day, or about 17 percent of the pre-1963 level. A Federal regulation that would require such control has already been proposed. Public disclosure of a device that can accomplish this control was made earlier this year by Esso Research & Engineering Co. And, just a few weeks ago, another petroleum company, Atlantic Richfield, announced that it too, is working on such a device. There is every reason to believe the automobile industry is also well along in the development of devices that will eliminate evaporative losses. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide are not, of course, the only automotive pollutants. Nitrogen oxides are also important in areas where photochemical smog isa problem. As many of you know-