328 ELECTRIC VEHICLES oxides of nitrogen which, in turn, through photochemical reduction, produce injurious aerosols and smogs. Now if this is in fact the case, it leads to the disturbing conclusion that what we are doing is making things worse in Los Angeles rather than better. I don't say that this is so, but it does, at least, admit of that possibility. By the same token I am told-and testimony seems to bear it outthat in the New York area the situation is entirely different, that the oxides of nitrogen probably play a, small or maybe an even insignificant part in the total level of pollutants in the atmosphere. The point I have reached for and the point I would like your response to, is the necessity for realizing that air pollution from automotive sources is not uniform in its components, and that it may well require different techniques in different areas to meet and overcome the problem. Would you agree with this general assertion. Mr. DUNLOP. I think basically that is correct, that various areas have different problems. When you are dealing with stationary facilities it is not as difficult to modify or to build those facilities in relation to the specific problem. But the automobile, being mobile in nature and moving from area to area, you do have an entirely different problem in that regard. I think this is an area in which the Federal Government has to take the basic responsibility in terms of what the standards should be. Senator BAKER. Would you agree with me that in taking the primary responsibility-which I think it should-the Federal Government should not preempt the entire field so as to make it impossible for areas such as Los Angeles to have different and supplementary requirements? Mr. DUNLOP. I certainly agree with you. You refer, commenting further on the statement- which you made, you comment in connection with the oxides of nitrogen. This is an area that needs a lot of further research to see if, having cured the one problem, you haven'tprobably induced an even greater problem. This is where I hope the research work currently being done, both in the automobile industry and in our industry, will make it possible for Government to come up with an intelligent set of standards, and that will recognize the varying conditions that exist in the different geographical areas of the United States. Senator BAKER. I am also told, Mr. Dunlop, that control of oxides of nitrogen may be amenable to variations in fuel more readily than the control of unburned hydrocarbons. So it occurs to me that it might be entirely possible to blend a gasoline that would be more suitable for use in Los Angeles than it is in New York and vice versa. Mr. DUNLOP. This is not an uncommon situation. Various companies do produce gasolines that have individualized specifications for geographical areas. Senator BAKER. For climatic considerations. Mr. DUNLOP. Yes. For the season of the year, for the altitude, the varying circumstances that exist in a particular area of the United States. I would think we would be very clearly responsive to what would be the desirable situation in any specified area. Senator BAKER. Do you view this matter of the ultimate control of pollution from automotive sources as a joint effort of the fuel industry