N. Scott Trimble/Greenpeace In addition to Shell’s participation in the GCC, it was also involved in the formation of other climate denial groups. Frits Böttcher, who spent 30 years as a part-time advisor to Shell, co-founded the European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF) in 1994, together with Roger Bate of the Institute for Economic Affairs. “The issue of climate change was the initiation (sic) for the meeting” from which ESEF was organized.74 Böttcher, a known climate denier in the Netherlands, also ran the Global Institute for the Study of Natural Resources, partly funded by Shell, where he remained an active climate denier.75 Shell also belongs to the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA), an industry group which coordinated a series of “Astroturf ” civil society groups to oppose California legislation in 2014.76 In A Crack in the Shell | 2014, WSPA organized sixteen fake grassroots organizations, at least two of which, “California Driver’s Alliance” and “Fed Up at the Pump,” fought against emissions regulations for vehicle exhaust with radio ads and billboards.77 As of 2014, WSPA was working through similar groups, such as “Washington Consumers for Sound Fuel Policy” and “Oregon Climate Change Campaign,” in Washington and Oregon, respectively.78 Shell was also a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a right-wing group that, among other things, actively promoted outright climate denial. Shell publicly left ALEC in 2015, citing their climate denial as the reason.79 This membership in and subsequent withdrawal from ALEC mirrors Shell’s participation with the Global Climate Coalition. 12 | Buying the Arctic, Selling the Sky It is important to underscore again the internal expertise and sophistication that Shell employed throughout its history. Among the newly revealed documents are scenario analyses prepared by Shell which, among other things, address the major forces and changes which will impact global business and geopolitics. Some of the predictions in these scenarios, including the acceleration of globalization, automation, industry consolidation, and even the expansion of income inequality in developed nations and the rise of violent non-state actors, turned out to be remarkably prescient. More important than the specific prognostications, though, is what these projections and forward-looking scenarios show. They illustrate Center for International Environmental Law