“The land alienation of IPs was further increased by the launch of Directive 01BB, which lacked clarity from the start and was made even more complicated by numerous policy changes.” apparatus initiates the registration process) and the bottom-up approach (whereby the community initiates the process). In practice however, only the latter process is being used. Disregard for ELC procedures. At the root of the IP land rights concerns is poor enforcement of and compliance with the requirements of the Land Law and Sub-Decree on Economic Land Concessions, which govern the granting and management of economic land concessions. Essential preconditions to the granting of concessions, such as the registration of land as state private land and conduct of public consultations and environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs), are usually not met. Likewise, restrictions on the size and ownership of ELCs have not been properly enforced. Complicated land-titling procedure. The application process for a communal land title is too complicated, time consuming and not culturally appropriate for IP communities. Level of awareness/dissemination CSO-driven education and awareness raising. The level of awareness of indigenous peoples about their rights is usually very low. Exceptions 30 are communities in the Rattanakiri and Mundolkiri provinces who are very well informed about their land and natural resources rights. Very little state-driven education efforts. Except for the Ministry of Environment, which has made some efforts at disseminating information regarding the requirements of ESIA prior to granting permissions for development projects, none of the concerned ministries seem to be actively promoting or disseminating the relevant information to indigenous communities. Lack of access to information. The granting of ELCs to companies has been marred by secrecy and lack of transparency. Some information about ELCs is available on the Government website but the information presented there is by no means complete. There is no Right to Information law in Cambodia and hence, when adversely affected communities request the local or provincial authorities for information about the ELCs granted on their land or in the vicinity of their communities, they are usually met with refusal by the authorities. Trends ELCs. Concessions granted to Cambodian and overseas companies are viewed as the biggest threat to land rights, livelihoods and sheer existence of the indigenous groups in Cambodia, as many of the concessions encroach upon and often take over the land used by IPs. This state of affairs also undermines the ability of indigenous communities to register their collective ownership of traditional lands, and enforce their rights to land under the Land Law. Loss of livelihood and adverse impacts on women. In 2012, ELCs with a total area of 17,856 ha were granted over the ancestral land of the Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC)